专业英语四级阅读理解分类模拟445.docx

专业英语四级阅读理解分类模拟445.docx

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专业英语四级阅读理解分类模拟445

专业英语四级阅读理解分类模拟445

READINGCOMPREHENSION

SectionAMULTIPLE-CHOICEQUESTIONS

Inthissectionthereareseveralpassagesfollowedbytenmultiple-choicequestions.Foreachmultiple-choicequestion,therearefoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswerandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETTWO.

PassageOne

（1）Whatmakespeopleshuntherelativesecurityoffull-timeemploymentandstartupabusinessthemselves?

（2）TheEuropeanUnionwantstoknow,becausewithentrepreneurshipcomejobcreationandgrowth.Forthepastfiveyears,theUnion'sheadofficehasfinancedanannualpollofmorethan21,000peopleonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.Themostrecentofthesestudies,releasedthisweek,showsthatdespiteeffortstomaketheUnionmorecompetitive,themajorityofitscitizensremainconsistentlylessentrepreneurialandmorerisk-aversethantheirAmericancounterparts.That'snotnecessarilytrueofallEuropeans:

ThewordentrepreneurmaybeFrench,butthepollfoundthatpeoplefromsmallercountrieslikePortugal,Greece,IrelandandLatviaweremuchmoreenthusiasticaboutworkingforthemselves.Butputtingregionalvariationsaside,thebottomlineforEuropewasthatfewerEuropeanrespondentssaidtheywouldchooseself-employment—45percentsaiditwastheirpreference—thantheirAmericancounterparts,at61percent.AndthemoststrikingpartofthesurveywastheEuropeans'explanationsoftheirresponses.

（3）IthaslongbeenassumedherethatredtapeisholdingbackEurope'sentrepreneurialspirit.Withshorterwaitingtimestoregistercompaniesandeasierproceduresforhiring,theargumentgoes,newEuropeanbusinesseswouldsproutliketulipsinaDutchgreenhouse.Thesurveytoldadifferentstory.Europeansessentiallysaidtheycouldn'tbebotheredwiththeeffortinvolvedinstartingabusiness:

Theywantedaregular,fixedincomeandastablejob.TheupshotofthisforEuropeisthatevenifgovernmentsmanagedtocutredtape,theircitizensmightstillprefertohaveacomfortablejobworkingforsomeoneelse.Only5percentofEuropeanssaidfearofredtapeorreluctancetobattlebureaucracieswasholdingthemback.

（4）AcorollarytothisisthefearoffailureinEurope.HalfofallEuropeanrespondentsagreedwiththestatement,"Oneshouldnotstartabusinessifthereisariskitmightfail."Onlyone-thirdofAmericansagreed.Therewereanestimated20.5millionpeopleworkinginstart-upcompaniesintheUnitedStatesin2003,thelatestyearforwhichdatawereavailable,accordingtotheGlobalEntrepreneurshipMonitor,aLondon-basedresearchorganization.Thisis23timesthenumberofthoseworkingatstartupsinFrance—fargreaterthanthepopulationdifferencesbetweenthetwocountries.TheU.S.numberwasalso9timesthenumberofthoseinBritainandmorethan7timesthatofGermany.

（5）IfEuropecansuccessfullydiminishthestigmaoffailure,morepeoplewouldbewillingtostarttheirownbusinesses."Thereisacompletelydifferentattitudetowardrisk,"saidZourekoftheEuropeanCommission,comparingEuropewiththeUnitedStates.InEurope,"onceyoutryaventureandyoudon'tsucceed,youdon'tgetasecondchance,butyougetastigma,"hesaid.TheEuropeanUnion,hesaid,shouldmakebankruptcyprocedureslessburdensomeandmakegettingcrediteasierforrisk-takers,eventhosewhohavefailedbefore.

（6）Inthissurvey,55percentofEuropeansaged15to24saidthatitwouldbe"desirable"forthemtobecomeself-employedinthenextfiveyears.Amongthose55andolder,only18percentsaidthesame.YoungEuropeanscouldbethemotorofentrepreneurship.ButwithEuropeancountrieshavingsomeofthelowestbirthratesinthedevelopedworld,whowilltaketheirplace?

（本文选自www.ec.europa.eu）

PassageTwo

（1）Weallhaveoffensivebreathatonetimeoranother.Inmostcasesoffensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareother,moresurprisingcauses.

（2）Untilafewyearsago,themostdoctorscoulddowastocounselpatientswithbadbreathaboutoralcleanliness.Nowtheyarefindingnewwaystotreattheusuallycurablecondition.

（3）Badbreathcanhappenwheneverthenormalflowofsalivaslows.Ourmouthsarefullofbacteriafeedingonproteininbitsoffoodandshedtissue.Thebacteriaemitsmellinggases,theworstofwhichishydrogensulfide.

（4）Mouthbacteriathriveinairlessconditions.Oxygen-richsalivakeepstheirnumbersdown.Whenwesleep,forexample,thesalivastreamslows,andsulfideproducingbacteriagainstheupperhand,producingclassic"morningbreath".

（5）Alcohol,hunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexercise—anythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.Socanstress,thoughit'snotunderstoodwhy.Somepeople'sbreathturnssoureverytimetheygoonajobinterview.

（6）Salivaflowgraduallyslowswithage,whichexplainswhytheelderlyhavemorebadbreathtroublethanyoungerpeopledo.Babies,however,whomakeplentyofsalivaandwhosemouthscontainrelativelyfewbacteriahavecharacteristicallysweetbreath.

（7）Formostofus,filesimple,dry-mouthvarietyofbadbreathiseasilycured.Eatingordrinkingstartssalivaandsweepsawaymanyofthebacteria.Breakfastoftenstopsmorningbreath.Thosewithchronicdrymouthfindthatithelpstokeepgum,hardcandy,orabottleofwaterorjuicearound.Brushingtheteethwipesoutdry-mouthbadbreathbecauseitclearsawaymanyoftheoffendingbacteria.

（8）Surprisingly,onethingthatrarelyworksismouthwash.Theliquidcanmaskbad-breathodorwithitsownsmell,buttheeffectlastsnomorethananhour.Somemouthwashesclaimtokillthebacteriaresponsibleforbadbreath.Thetroubleistheydon'tnecessarilyreachalloffendinggerms.Mostbacteriaarewellprotectedfrommouthwashunderthicklayersofmucus.Ifthemouthwashcontainsalcohol—asmostdo—itcanintensifytheproblembydryingoutthemouth.

（本文选自）

PassageThree

（1）Every101minutesorso,aDepartmentofDefenseimagingsatellitecirclestheEarth,capturingimagesfromtheequatortothepolaricecaps.It'sthatDODdrone（colorfullynamedtheDMSPF-17）thatmonitorsgeologicchanges,suchasthedecreasingsizeoftheArcticandAntarcticicecovers.TheimagesitsnapsaretheonesmostpeopleseeoftheEarth'stwowhitedomes,whichhavebeensteadilydiminishingforthepastdecade.

（2）Skimmingoverthetopoftheworldfeelsabitlikebeingonadifferentplanet,accordingtoRickSteiner,amarineconservationresearcherattheUniversityofAlaska.Forthepasttwoyears,SteinerhasledresearchmissionsflyinglowoverthousandsofmilesofArcticseasforahandfulofpolarclimatescientists,someofwhomworkforthefederalgovernment.Hetimesthedaylongvoyagetocoincidewiththetimeofyearwhenseaiceisataminimum,theexactendofsummermeltinginmid-September,beforetheautumncoolbeginstorefreezesomeofthewater.HavinglivedinAlaskafor30years,Steinercantellyouinpersonaldetailhowtheminimumhasshrunkfromyeartoyear.Hecallsthevoyagehisannual"bearingwitnesstotheArcticcrisis"trip.

（3）Thecrisishasbeenmappedoutinprecisedetailinslideshowsandresearchpapers,withstartlingstatistics.Thepastthreesummershaveseenthelowesticevolumeeverrecorded,accordingtodatareleasedannuallybytheNationalSnowandIceDataCenter（NSIDC）.Thesea-iceminimumin2007（1.6millionsquaremiles）wasthesinglelowestyear,withnearly40percentlessicethantheseasonalaveragerecordedoverthepastthreedecades.Andtheproblemisonlyexpectedtoworsen.Astheicemelts,itreleaseshighlyconcentratedcarbonandmethane（甲烷）thatislockedinthepermafrost（永冻层）,creatinganacceleratingwarmingloop.Anadditionalcompoundingfactoristhatdarkoceansabsorbmoreofthesun'senergythanlight-coloredice,whichreflectsalargeportionofit.Thatmeansthatthemoreicemeltsoverthesummer,themoreopenoceanthereis,whichleadstomoreabsorbedenergyandwarmeroceans,whichmeansthatlessiceformsthefollowingwinter,whichleadstoevenmoreopenoceanthefollowingyear.Earlythispastsummer,researchersthought2009wouldbeevenworsethan2007intermsofmelting,untilalate-arrivingwindfromtheequatorbroughtcoolairthatpreventedevenmoremelting.

（4）"Whenyou'reactuallylookingoutthewindowandseeingmileaftermileofwarmoceanwaterwherethereusedtobeseaicethatyouoncewalkedaroundon,itgivesyouthecertaintythatsomethingmajorisgoingonthere,"saysJamesOverland,amarineenvironmentalresearcherwiththeNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration.Thethicknessoftheiceandwatertemperatures—whichwerealsomeasuredatdisturbinglyhighlevelsbySteinerandhisteamthisyear—arealsomeasurementsyoucan'tmakebypeeringatsatelliteimages.

（本文选自）

PassageFour

（1）TheFieldsMedalisthehighestscientificawardformathematicians.Infactitisonlytheunofficialnameforthe"Internationalmedalforoutstandingdiscoveriesinmathematics."TheFieldsMedalsarepresentedeveryfouryearsattheInternationalCongressofMathematicians（ICM）totwotofourdeservingmathematiciansundertheageof40.Theagelimitisintendedtoguaranteethatnotonlypastworkisrewarded.TheFieldsMedalisalsointendedtoencouragethewinnerstomakefurthercontributions.

（2）TheprizeisnamedinhonorofProfessorJohnCharlesFields（1863-1932）,aCanadianmathematician.HewasthefirstsignificantmathematicianattheUniversityofToronto,andwasalsointerna