英语四级1517年阅读真题及答案.docx

英语四级1517年阅读真题及答案.docx

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英语四级1517年阅读真题及答案

2015.6

（一）

PassageOne

Questions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Ifyouthinkahigh-factorsunscreen（防晒霜）keepsyousafefromharmfulrays,youmaybewrong.Researchinthisweek'sNatureshowsthatwhilefactor50reducesthenumberofmelanomas（黑瘤）anddelaystheiroccurrence,itcan'tpreventthem.Melanomasarethemostaggressiveskincancers.Youhaveahigherriskifyouhaveredorblondhair,fairskin,blueorgreeneyes,orsunburneasily,orifacloserelativehashadone.Melanomasaremorecommonifyouhaveperiodicintenseexposuretothesun.Otherskincancersareincreasinglylikelywithlong-termexposure.

Thereiscontinuingdebateastohoweffectivesunscreenisinreducingmelanomastheevidenceisweakerthanitisforpreventingothertypesofskincancer.A2011Australianstudyof1,621peoplefoundthatpeoplerandomlyselectedtoapplysunscreendailyhadhalftherateofmelanomasofpeoplewhousedcreamasneeded.Asecondstudy,comparing1,167peoplewithmelanomasto1,101whodidn'thavethecancer,foundthatusingsunscreenroutinely,alongsideotherprotectionsuchashats,longsleevesorstayingintheshade,didgivesomeprotection.Thisstudysaidotherformsofsunprotectionnotsunscreenseemedmostbeneficial.Thestudyreliedonpeoplerememberingwhattheyhaddoneovereachdecadeoftheirlives,soit'snotentirelyreliable.Butitseemsreasonabletothinksunscreengivespeopleafalsesenseofsecurityinthesun.

Manypeoplealsodon'tusesunscreenproperlyapplyinginsufficientamounts,failingtoreapplyafteracoupleofhoursandstayinginthesuntoolong.Itissunburnthatismostworryingrecentresearchshowsfiveepisodesofsunburnintheteenageyearsincreasestheriskofallskincancers.

Thegoodnewsisthatacombinationofsunscreenandcoveringupcanreducemelanomarates,asshownbyAustralianfiguresfromtheirslip-slop-slapcampaign.Soifthereisaheatwavethissummer,itwouldbebestforus,too,tosliponashirt,slopon（抹上）sunscreenandslaponahat.

56.Whatispeople'scommonexpectationofahigh-factorsunscreen?

（B）

A.Itwilldelaytheoccurrenceofskincancer.

B.Itwillprotectthemfromsunburn.

C.Itwillkeeptheirskinsmoothandfair.

D.Itwillworkforpeopleofanyskincolor.

57.WhatdoestheresearchinNaturesayaboutahigh-factorsunscreen?

（A）

A.Itisineffectiveinpreventingmelanomas.

B.Itisineffectiveincaseofintensesunlight.

C.Itisineffectivewithlong-termexposure.

D.Itisineffectiveforpeoplewithfairskin.

58.Whatdowelearnfromthe2011Australianstudyof1,621people?

（D）

A.Sunscreenshouldbeappliedalongsideotherprotectionmeasures.

B.High-riskpeoplebenefitthemostfromtheapplicationofsunscreen.

C.Irregularapplicationofsunscreendoeswomenmoreharmthangood.

D.Dailyapplicationofsunscreenhelpsreducetheincidenceofmelanomas.

59.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthesecondAustralianstudy?

（C）

A.Itmisleadspeopletorelyonsunscreenforprotection.

B.Ithelpspeopletoselectthemosteffectivesunscreen.

C.Itisnotbasedondirectobservationofthesubjects.

D.ItconfirmstheresultsofthefirstAustralianstudy.

60.Whatdoestheauthorsuggesttoreducemelanomarates?

（A）

A.Usingbothcoveringupandsunscreen.

B.Stayingintheshadewheneverpossible.

C.Usingcoveringupinsteadofsunscreen.

D.Applyingtherightamountofsunscreen.

PassageTwo

Questions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Acrosstherichworld,well-educatedpeopleincreasinglyworklongerthantheless-skilled.Some65%ofAmericanmenaged62-74withaprofessionaldegreeareintheworkforce,comparedwith32%ofmenwithonlyahigh-schoolcertificate.Thisgapispartofadeepeningdividebetweenthewell-educatedwell-offandtheunskilledpoor.Rapidtechnologicaladvancehasraisedtheincomesofthehighlyskilledwhilesqueezingthoseoftheunskilled.Theconsequences,forindividualsandsociety,areprofound.

Theworldisfacinganastonishingriseinthenumberofoldpeople,andtheywilllivelongerthaneverbefore.Overthenext20yearstheglobalpopulationofthoseaged65ormorewillalmostdouble,from600millionto1.1billion.Theexperienceofthe20thcentury,whengreaterlongevity（长寿）translatedintomoreyearsinretirementratherthanmoreyearsatwork,haspersuadedmanyobserversthatthisshiftwillleadtoslowereconomicgrowth,whiletheswellingranksofpensionerswillcreategovernmentbudgetproblems.

Butthenotionofasharpdivisionbetweentheworkingyoungandtheidleoldmissesanewtrend,thegrowinggapbetweentheskilledandtheunskilled.Employmentratesarefallingamongyoungerunskilledpeople,whereasolderskilledfolkareworkinglonger.ThedivideismostextremeinAmerica,wherewell-educatedbaby-boomers（二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人）areputtingoffretirementwhilemanyless-skilledyoungerpeoplehavedroppedoutoftheworkforce.

Policyispartlyresponsible.ManyEuropeangovernmentshaveabandonedpoliciesthatusedtoencouragepeopletoretireearly.Risinglifeexpectancy（预期寿命）,combinedwiththereplacementofgenerousdefmed-benefitpensionplanswithlessgenerousdefined-contributionones,meansthateventhebetter-offmustworklongertohaveacomfortableretirement.Butthechangingnatureofworkalsoplaysabigrole.Payhasrisensharplyforthehighlyeducated,andthosepeoplecontinuetoreaprichrewardsintooldagebecausethesedaystheeducatedelderlyaremoreproductivethantheprecedinggeneration.Technologicalchangemaywellreinforcethatshift:

theskillsthatcomplementcomputers,frommanagementknowhowtocreativity,donotnecessarilydeclinewithage.

61.Whatishappeningintheworkforceinrichcountries?

（B）

A.Youngerpeoplearereplacingtheelderly.

B.Well-educatedpeopletendtoworklonger.

C.Unemploymentratesarerisingyearafteryear.

D.Peoplewithnocollegedegreedonoteasilyfindwork.

62.Whathashelpeddeepenthedividebetweenthewell-offandthepoor?

（B）

A.Longerlifeexpectancies.

B.Arapidtechnologicaladvance.

C.Profoundchangesintheworkforce.

D.Agrowingnumberofthewell-educated.

63.Whatdomanyobserverspredictinviewoftheexperienceofthe20thcentury?

（A）

A.Economicgrowthwillslowdown.

B.Governmentbudgetswillincrease.

C.Morepeoplewilltrytopursuehighereducation.

D.Therewillbemorecompetitioninthejobmarket.

64.WhatistheresultofpolicychangesinEuropeancountries?

（C）

A.Unskilledworkersmaychoosetoretireearly.

B.Morepeoplehavetoreceivein-servicetraining.

C.Evenwealthypeoplemustworklongertolivecomfortablyinretirement.

D.Peoplemaybeabletoenjoygenerousdefined-benefitsfrompensionplans.

65.Whatischaracteristicofworkinthe21stcentury?

（D）

A.Computerswilldomorecomplicatedwork.

B.Morewillbetakenbytheeducatedyoung.

C.Mostjobstobedonewillbethecreativeones.

D.Skillsarehighlyvaluedregardlessofage.

2015.6

（二）

PassageOne

Questions56t060arebasedonthefollowingpassage．

Theendlessdebateabout“work—lifebalance”oftencontainsahopefulfootnoteaboutstayathomedads．IfAmericansocietyandbusinesswon’tmakeiteasieronfuturefemaleleaderswhochoosetohavechildren，thereisstilltherayofhopethatincreasingnumbersoffull—timefatherswill．Butbasedontoday’ssocioeconomictrends，thishopeis，unfortunately，misguided．

It’struethatthenumberofmenwhohaveleftworktodotheirthingasfull—timeparentshasdoubledinadecade，butit’sstillverysmall：

only0．8％ofmarriedcoupleswherethestay—at—hornefatherwasoutofthelaborforceforayear．Eventhatpercentageislikelyinflatedbymenthrustintotheircaretakerrolebyadownsizing．Thisissimplynotalargeenoughgrouptoreducethesocialstigma（污名）andforceotheradjustmentsnecessarytosupportingmeninthisdecision．evenifonlyworkmorethantheirfamily．

Evenshortertimesawayfromworkforworkingfathersarealreadydifficult．Astudyfoundthat85％ofnewfatherstakesometimeoffafterthebirthofachild—butforallbutafew．it’saweekortwoatmost．Meanwhile，theaverageforwomenwhotakeleaveismorethanloweeks．

Suchchoicesimpactwhomovesupintheorganization．Whileyou’reaway，someoneelseisdoingyourwork，makingyoursales，takingcareofyourcustomers．Thatcan’thelpyouatwork．Itcanonlyhurtyou．Women，ofcourse，facethesameissuesofreturningafteralongabsence．Butwithmanymorewomenthanmenchoosingtoleavetheworkforceentirelytoraisefamilies，returningfromanextendedparentalleavedoesn’traiseasmanyeyebrowsasitdoesformen．

Womenwouldmakemoreiftheydidn’tbreaktheirearningtrajectorybyleavingtheworkforce，orifhigher-payingprofessionsweremorefamilyfriendly．Intheforeseeablefuture，Stayathomefathersmaymakeallthedifferenceforindividualfamilies．buttheirpresencewon’treducethenumbersofhighpotentialwomenwhoareforcedtochoosebetweenfamilyandcareer．

56．Whatgiveswomenarayofhopetoachieveworklifebalance?

（A）

A.Morementakinganextendedparentalleave．

B.People’schangingattitudestowardsfamily．

C.Morewomenenteringbusinessmanagement．

D.Theimprovementoftheirsocioeconomicstatus．

57．Whydoestheauthorsaythehopeformorefull—timefathersismisguided?

（C）

A.Womenarebetterattakingcareofchildren．

B.Manymenvalueworkmorethantheirfamily．

C.Theirnumberistoosmalltomakeadifference．

D.Notmanymenhavethechancetostayathome．

58．Whydofewmentakealongparentalleave?

（A）

A.Alongleavewillhaveanegativeimpactontheircareer．

B.Theyjusthavetoomanyresponsibilitiestofulfillatwork．

C.Theeconomiclosswillbetoomuchfortheirfamilyto