会计 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 税务会计.docx

会计 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 税务会计.docx

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会计外文翻译外文文献英文文献税务会计

会计外文翻译外文文献英文文献税务会计

TaxAccounting

（From:

SunKun.EnglishLangusgeinAccounting.DongbeiUniversityofFinance&EconomicsPress,2006.）

Taxaccountingisabranchofaccountingthatinvolvesdeterminingthecorrectliability-thatis,theamountowed-fortaxes,andpreparingthenecessarytax-returnforms.

Incometaxesareamajorconcerntobusinessesaswellastoindividuals.Unfortunately,businessmenthemselvesoftendonotunderstandthetaxlaws,andtheymustthereforedependontheadviceoftaxaccountantsandlawyers.Ataxaccountantmusthaveathoroughknowledgeofthetaxcodeofhisorhercountryandofanydivisionswithinitthathavethepowertolevy,orimpose,taxes.

Itiseasytoappreciatetheimpactofincometaxesonbusiness.Carefulplanningdesignedtodecreasethetaxliabilitytothelowestlevelisthusamajorconcernofbusiness.Thisplanningismadepossiblebyvariousprovisionsinthetaxlawsthatofferalternativemethodsforhandlingparticulartransactionsoraccountingprocedures.Onealternativemaythushaveasignificanttaxadvantageoveranother,resultingineitherataxsaving,orpostponementofthetaxliability.Abusinesscanpaysubstantiallymoretaxesthannecessaryifthewrongfinancialdecisionismade.Amongthesepotentiallysignificantdecisionsmightbeincludedtheformofbusinessunderwhichtoorganize,whetherornottosetupmultiplecorporations,andwhichaccountingmethodsshouldbeusedtodealwithinventoryanddepreciation.

CHOOSINGTHERIGHTFORMOFORGANIZATION.Therearethreemajor

formsofbusinessownership:

thesingleproprietorship,thepartnership,andthecorporation.Taxlawsvaryconsiderablyforeachofthese.Inthecaseofboththeindividualproprietorshipandpartnershipformsofbusiness,incomeistaxedtotheindividualproprietororpartners.Theownersofthesebusinessesthereforepaytheprogressiveincometaxrateforindividualsontheirbusinessincome.Aprogressiveincometaxisonethatchargesahigherrateforhigherearnings.

Corporations,ontheotherhand,aresubjecttoataxontheirprofits,whilethestockholdersofacorporationarealsotaxedattheindividualratesonthedividendstheyreceivefromtheseprofits.Dividendsarepaidoutofthecorporation'searnings.Thecorporationisnotallowedadeductionforthedividendsitpaysoutwhenitstaxableincomeiscomputed.Thisresultsindoubletaxationofthecorporation's

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income.

Incertaineases,thedoubletaxiseliminatedorreducedunderspecialprovisionsofthetaxlaws.Underoneprovision,thetaxpayerreceivesadividendexemption（incomenotsubjecttotaxation）upto$100fordividendsreceivedduringthetaxyear.Anotherprovisionallowsacorporationtobetaxedaspartnershipifitmeetsthefollowingrequirementsforasmallbusiness:

（a）Itisadomestic,ratherthanaforeigncorporation.

（b）Ithasnomorethanfifteenstockholders.

（c）Allthestockholdersaredidferentpeople.

（d）Nostockholderisanonresidentalien.

（e）Thereisonlyoneclassofstock.

Whilethesmall-businesscorporationcansaveagreatdealintaxesbybeingtaxedaspartnership,itkeepstheothernontaxadvantages,suchaslimitedliability.

Otherincometaxadvantagesoftenencouragethecorporateformoforganization.Oneoftheseisthepossibilityofsellingthebusinessorliquidatingit;thatis,ofgoingoutofbusinessanddisposingoftheassets.Whenthisoccurs,itispossibletoobtainlong-termcapital-gainstreatment.Along-termcapitalgainisaprofitonthesaleofacapitalassetthathasbeenownedforaspecifiedperiod.Long-termcapitalgainsgetpreferentialtaxtreatment-thatis,halftherateappliedtootherkindsofincome.Asecondpossibletaxadvantageofthecorporatestructureisthedeferralorpostponementofdoubletaxationbysimplynotpayingdividends.Athirdistheflexibilitythatcomesfrombeingabletotimethedistributionofearningssothattheyoccurduringtheyearsinwhichtheownershavethelowesttaxliability.Afourthadvantageisincomesplitting.Thisisaprovisionofthetaxlawsthatallowstheownerofacorporationtodividedividendpaymentsfromthecorporationamongmembersofhisfamilybyhavingeachoneownsomeofthestock.Afifthpossibleadvantageisrelatedtofringebenefits,suchasgrouplifeinsurance,medicalpaymentplans,andwagecontinuationplans,thatprovideforfullorpartialpaymentofwagesandsalarytotheemployeesduringsickness.Manyofthesefringebenefitsareencouragedinthetaxlawsbyallowingdeferredtaxpayments.

CHOOSINGTHERIGHTACCOUNTINGMETHODS.Thechoiceofone

methodorprocedureoverthepossiblealternativescanleadtoataxadvantage.

Somemethodsofaccountingfordepreciationofferataxadvantage.Forexample,inthedeclining-balancemethod,agreaterpercentageofthecostofafixedassetis

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figuredfortheearlieryearsofthelifeoftheasset.Theresultisthatpartofthetaxliabilityisdeferreduntillateryears.

Thereisalsoaspecialtaxcreditforinvestmentinmostkindsofdepreciableassets,withtheexceptionofbuildingsthatareacquiredandplacedinservice.Thiscreditwasinstitutedasmeansofstimulatingnewinvestmentinproductivefacilities.

Therearealsodifferentaccountingmethodsfortheinventory,commonlyknownasFifoandLifo.TheLifomethodmaybebetterfromataxstandpointsincethismethodresultsinalowertaxliabilityinaperiodofrisingprices.UnderLifo,thehigher-pricedgoodsaredepreciatedintheaccountingperiod.

Ataxadvantagealsoexistsforbusinesses-thatsellmerchandiseforpersonaluse.Thesesalesareoftenmadeontheinstallmentbasis,withpaymentsspreadoveraperiodofweeks,months,orperhapsevenyears.Fortaxpurposes,itispermissibletoreporttheprofitfromsalesduringtheyearsinwhichtheactualpaymentsaremaderatherthanduringtheyearoftheoriginalsale.

Ataxadvantageisalsoavailabletotheholdersofmostdepletiveassets-thosewhichareusedup,ordepleted,overaperiodoftime-likeoil,naturalgas,uranium,orcoal.Thetaxpayerwhoownsassetsofthiskindisallowedadeductiononthegrossincomederivedfromtheasset.Thedeductionisknownasadepletionallowance;becauseoftheeconomicimportanceofmanyofthedepletiveassets,thepercentagesallowedtothetaxpayerareofgreatpoliticalconcern.

ACCOUNTINGFORINCOMETAXES.Thebasicaccountingprocedurefor

computingincometaxesisrelativelysimple.ThefinalorestimatedtaxliabilityischargedtotheIncomeTaxExpenseaccountandisdeductedontheincomestatement.TheliabilityiscreditedtotheEstimatedIncomeTaxesPayableaccountandisthenclassifiedasacurrentliabilityonthestatementoffinancialposition.Thereare,however,accountingproblemsthatariseinregardtoincometaxes.Theseproblemsresultfromdifferencesintheamountoftaxableincomeandtheamountofincomereportedontheincomestatement.Thismayresultfromtheuseofdifferentaccountingmethodsfortaxpurposes.

CHINA'STAXSYSTEM.Thewell-to-doinChinahavesnubbedtheir

government.In2007forthefirsttime,anyoneearningmorethan120,000yuan（$15,000）annuallyissupposedtofileapersonalincome-taxreturn.YetbythedeadlineofApril2nd（extendedbyacoupleofdaysbecauseoflowcompliance）,onlyasmallminorityhaddoneso.Threatsofmassivefineshavegoneunheeded.

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Thegovernment’sembarrassmentwasevidentwhenitmisseditsowndeadlineofApril10thforannouncingthetotaltallyoftaxreturnscompleted.Butofficialshaveestimatedthenumberisaround1.6m.Thenumberofthoserequiredtofileiswidelyreportedtobe6m-7mandcouldwellbemuchhigher.Thosewhohavedonesoalreadyaremostlywageearnerswhohavetaxdeductedfromtheirsalariesandfeeltheyhavenooptionbuttoreporttheirincomesbecausetheyarealreadyinthetaxauthorities’records.

Abigdifficultyfortaxofficialsisthatevensomeofthegovernment’sownmediahavebrokenranksandsuggestedthatthemiddleclasses’obviousdisdainfor

thenewrequirementmaynotbeunreasonable.Confusingly,theannualtaxreturndoesnotsupersedeanexistingmonthlyrequirementtoreportandpaytaxonnon-taxincomeiftotalearningsexceedacertainthreshold.Anewspaperrunbythestateprosecutor’sofficearguethatthetaxadministrationhadnolegalauthoritytofinepeopleforfailingtofilloutreturnsrelatingtoincomeonwhichtheyhadalreadypaidtax.

Butveryfewbothertopaypersonalincometaxunlessitisdeductedautomatically.AssomeChinesenewspapershavepointedout,thisispartlybecausemanyChinesebelievedtheygetlittleinreturnfortheirtaxes.Theyhavetopaythroughthenoseforhealthcareandfordecenteducationfortheirchildren.Theyarealsoresentfulthatfewofficialspaytax,eventhoughmanyhavebigincomesfromshadydealings.

Eventhewords“notaxationwithoutrepresentation”havefoundtheirwayintoprint,inanarticleinthe“informationtimes”,agovernmentownednewspaperinthe

southerncityofGuangzhou.NotingthathalfofthedelegatestoChina’slegislaturewereofficials,thenewspaperreportedthatcommentatorshadpointedoutthattheparliamentshouldhave“fewerofficialsandmoretaxpayers”:

aninterestingdistinctionsuggestingthetaxmanhasstruckarawnerve.

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税务会计

税务会计是会计的一个分支，其主要内容是如何确定正确的税务负债数额，编制纳税申报单。

所得税不论对企业还是对个人都是关系重大的一个事项。

但遗憾的是企业家本身往往不懂税法，他们必须依赖于税务会计和律师们的建议。

一个税务会计师必须对本国的税法有彻底的理解，并且要了解有权课税的有关部门。

我们很容易看清楚所得税对企业经营的影响，因此企业所关心的一个主要问题就是如何进行税务规划，将应付税款降低到最小数额。

做税务规划是十分必要的，因为税法中有不同的条款，这些不同的条款给企业处理某些经济业务提供了多种方法可供选择，这种处理方法可能较之于另一种处理方法在纳税方面有很大的优越性，表现为纳税节省或延后纳税。

如果企业做出了错误的财务