英语最常用修辞格.docx

英语最常用修辞格.docx

《英语最常用修辞格.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语最常用修辞格.docx（14页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

英语最常用修辞格

英语最常用修辞格

Figuresofspeech

Figuresofspeech（修辞）arewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.Nowwearegoingtotalkaboutsomecommonformsoffiguresofspeech.

1）Simile：

（明喻）Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic（特性）incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.

Forexample,Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.

2）Metaphor：

（暗喻）Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.

Forexample,Theworldisastage.

3）Analogy:

（类比）Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.

4）Personification:

（拟人）Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes（赋予）toinanimate（无生命的）objects,ortoideasandabstractions（抽象）.

Forexample,Thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.

5）Hyperbole:

（夸张）Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.

Forinstance,Healmostdiedlaughing.

6）Understatement:

（含蓄陈述）Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately（故意地）understatingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.

Forinstance,Itisnolaughingmatter.

7）Euphemism:

（委婉）Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive（无冒犯）expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.

Forinstance,wereferto"die"as"passaway".

8）Metonymy（转喻）Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemaneofonethingforthatofanother.

Forinstance,Thepen（words）ismightierthanthesword（forces）.

9）Synecdoche（提喻）Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.

Forinstance,theysaythere'sbreadandworkforall.Shewasdressedinsilks.

10）Antonomasia（换喻）Ithasalsotodowithsubstitution.Itisnotoftenmentionednow,thoughitisstillinfrequentuse.

Forexample,Solomonforawiseman.Danielforawiseandfairjudge.Judasforatraitor.

11）Pun:

（双关语）Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.

Forinstance,acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.（Here"arms"hastwomeanings:

aperson'sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.）

12）Syllepsis:

（一语双叙）Ithastwoconnotations. 

   Inthefirstcase,itisafigurebywhichaword,oraparticularformorinflectionofaword,referstotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,whileproperlyapplyingtooragreeingwithonlyonofthemingrammarorsyntax（句法）.

Forexample,Headdressedyouandme,anddesiredustofollowhim.（Hereusisusedtorefertoyouandme.）

   Inthesecondcase,itawordmayrefertotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence.Forexample,whilehewasfighting,andlosinglimbandmind,anddying,othersstayedbehindtopursueeducationandcareer.（Heretolosingone'slimbsinliteral;toloseone'smindisfigurative,andmeanstogomad.）

13）Zeugma:

（轭式搭配）Itisasinglewordwhichismadetomodifyortogoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,witherproperlyapplyinginsensetoonlyoneofthem,orapplyingtothemindifferentsenses.

Forexample,Thesunshallnotburnyoubyday,northemoonbynight.（Herenoonisnotstrongenoughtoburn）

14）Irony:

（反语）Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.

Forinstance,wearelucky,whatyousaidmakesmefeelrealgood.

15）Innuendo:

（暗讽）Itisamildformofirony,hintinginaratherroundabout（曲折）wayatsomethingdisparaging（不一致）oruncomplimentary（不赞美）tothepersonorsubjectmentioned.

2）Forexample,Theweathermansaiditwouldbeworm.Hemusttakehisreadingsinabathroom.

16）Sarcasm:

（讽刺）ItSarcasmisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage,ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.

3）Forexample,Lawsarelikecobwebs,whichmaycatchsmallflies,butletwaspsbreakthrough.

17）Paradox:

（似非而是的隽语）Itisafigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingandstudymayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinctpoint.

Forexample，Morehaste,lessspeed. 

18）Oxymoron:

（矛盾修饰）Itisacompressedparadox,formedbytheconjoining（结合）oftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruous（不协调）termsasinbitter-sweetmemories,orderlychaos（混乱）andproudhumility（侮辱）.

19）Antithesis:

（对照）Itisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveemphasis.

Forexample,Speechissilver;silenceisgolden.

20）Epigram:

（警句）Itstatesasimpletruthpithily（有利地）andpungently（强烈地）.Itisusuallyterseandarousesinterestandsurprisebyitsdeepinsightintocertainaspectsofhumanbehaviororfeeling.

Forinstance,Few,savethepoor,feelforthepoor.

21）Climax:

（渐进）ItisderivedfromtheGreekwordfor"ladder"andimpliestheprogressionofthoughtatauniformoralmostuniformrateofsignificanceorintensity,likethestepsofaladderascendingevenly.

Forexample,Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.

22）Anti-climaxorbathos:

（突降）ItistheoppositeofClimax.Itinvolvesstatingone'sthoughtsinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensity,fromstrongtoweak,fromweightytolightorfrivolous.

Forinstance,Butthousandsdie,withoutorthisorthat,die,andendow（赋予）acollege,oracat.

23）Apostrophe：

（顿呼）Inthisfigureofspeech,athing,place,ideaorperson（deadorabsent）isaddressedasifpresent,listeningandunderstandingwhatisbeingsaid.Forinstance,England!

awake!

awake!

awake!

24）TransferredEpithet:

（转类形容词）Itisafigureofspeechwhereanepithet（anadjectiveordescriptivephrase）istransferredfromthenounitshouldrightlymodify（修饰）toanothertowhichitdoesnotreallyapplyorbelong.

Forinstance,Ispentsleeplessnightsonmyproject.

25）Alliteration:

（头韵）Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesamesoundatfrequentintervals（间隔）andsincethesoundrepeatedisusuallytheinitialconsonantsound,itisalsocalled"frontrhyme".

Forinstance,thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,thefurrowfollowedfree.

26）Onomatopoeia:

（拟声）Itisadevicethatuseswordswhichimitatethesoundsmadebyanobject（animateorinanimate）,orwhichareassociatedwithorsuggestive（提示的）ofsomeactionormovement. 

   SelectedfromFiguresofSpeechbyFengCuihua

TheTop20Figures

1.Alliteration

Repetitionofaninitialconsonantsound.

2.Anaphora

Repetitionofthesamewordorphraseatthebeginningofsuccessiveclausesorverses.

3.Antithesis

Thejuxtapositionofcontrastingideasinbalancedphrases.

4.Apostrophe

Breakingoffdiscoursetoaddresssomeabsentpersonorthing,someabstractquality,aninanimateobject,oranonexistentcharacter.

5.Assonance

Identityorsimilarityinsoundbetweeninternalvowelsinneighboringwords.

6.Chiasmus

Averbalpatterninwhichthesecondhalfofanexpressionisbalancedagainstthefirstbutwiththepartsreversed.

7.Euphemism

Thesubstitutionofaninoffensivetermforoneconsideredoffensivelyexplicit.

8.Hyperbole

Anextravagantstatement;theuseofexaggeratedtermsforthepurposeofemphasisorheightenedeffect.

9.Irony

Theuseofwordstoconveytheoppositeoftheirliteralmeaning.Astatementorsituationwherethemeaningiscontradictedbytheappearanceorpresentationoftheidea.

10.Litotes

Afigureofspeechconsistingofanunderstatementinwhichanaffirmativeisexpressedbynegatingitsopposite.

11.Metaphor

Animpliedcomparisonbetweentwounlikethingsthatactuallyhavesomethingimportantincommon.

12.Metonymy

Afigureofspeechinwhichonewordorphraseissubstitutedforanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated;also,therhetoricalstrategyofdescribingsomethingindirectlybyreferringtothingsaroundit.

13.Onomatopoeia

Theformationoruseofwordsthatimitatethesoundsassociatedwiththeobjectsoractionstheyreferto.

14.Oxymoron

Afigureofspeechinwhichincongruousorcontradictorytermsappearsidebyside.

15.Paradox

Astatementthatappearstocontradictitself.

16.Personification

Afigureofspeechinwhichaninanimateobjectorabstractionisendowedwithhumanqualitiesorabilities.

17.Pun

Aplayonwords,sometimesondifferentsensesofthesamewordandsometimesonthesimilarsenseorsoundofdifferentwords.

18.Simile

Astatedcomparison（usuallyformedwith"like"or"as"）betweentwofundamentallydissimilarthingsthathavecertainqualitiesincommon.

19.Synechdoche

Afigureofspeechiswhichapartisusedtorepresentthewhole,thewholeforapart,thespecificforthegeneral,thegeneralforthespecific,orthematerialforthethingmadefromit.

20.Understatement

Afigureofspeechinwhichawriteroraspeakerdeliberately