高三英语语法知识难点四.docx
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高三英语语法知识难点四
高三英语语法知识难点（四）
（十四）倒装
I．要点
按"主语+谓语"这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序，如果变为"谓语（或谓语的一部分）+主语"，就是倒装语序。
1、全部倒装
（1）therebe句型
Thereisgoingtobeameeting.
Thereisabookonthetable.
（2）here,there,now,then,in,out等副词置于句首时，主谓倒装，但如果主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不倒装，如，
Herecomesthebus.
Herehecomes.
（3）直接引语的部分或全部位于句首时，有时也用倒装，如，
"Whathesaidmeantnothing",saidtheteacher.
（4）为保持句子平衡，强调表语或状语，使上下文紧密衔接时须完全倒装，如，Infrontofthehousesatasmallboy.
2、部分倒装
（1）so,neither,nor置于句首说明与前者情况一致时，如，
Ilikeswimming,sodoesmybrother.
（2）only+状语放在句首，如，
Onlythroughthismethodcanwewin.
Onlyinthiswaycanwedotheworkwell.
（3）含有否定意义的词置于句首，如，Hardly,scarcely,not,seldom,nosooner,never,little,atnotime,innoway,nomore等，如，
NeverhadIheardthat.
LittledidIknowaboutthis.
（4）以often,so+形容词或副词开头的句子，如，
Soheavyistheboxthathecannotcarryit.
（5）用于省略if的虚拟条件句中，将had,were,should提前，如，
WereIyou,Iwouldn'tdothat.
Hadhecome,wewouldhavewon.
（6）用于某些表示祝愿的句中，如，
Mayyoubehappyforever.
II．例题
例1、Notonly____thismachinebut____it.
A.canherun……canherepair B.canherun……hecanrepair
C.hecanrun……hecanrepair D.hecanrun……canherepair
解析：
该题答案为B，在notonly……but（also）句型中，只有but前面的部分倒装，but后面仍是正常语序。
例2、____,itisquiteeasytodrillaholeinitwithlaser（激光）.
A.Hardalthoughthediamond B.Hardasthediamondis
C.Asthediamondishard D.Hashardisthediamond
解析：
该题答案为B，在让步状语从句中，从属连词as可以表示though，但要用倒装语序。
例3、Onlyinthisway____toimprovethesituationthere.
A.canyouhope B.youcanhope C.hopecan D.youhope
解析：
该题答案为A，only和它所修饰的状语一起置于句首时，须用倒装。
（十五）it与therebe的用法
I．要点
1、it的用法
（1）用作人称代词，代替前文提到的无生命的事物，动植物、婴儿及指示代词this,that，如，
Ihaveanewpen.Itisbeautiful.
TheBrownshaveanewbaby.It'scute.
（2）用来表示时间、天气、距离等，如，
It'stwelveo'clocknow.
It'sfinetoday.
（3）用作引导词，代替由不定式，ing形式或从句表示的真正的主语或宾语，如，
It'snogoodtellinghimthat.
It'snecessaryforyoutodoso.
（4）用在强调结构中，构成强调句式：
Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who/whom+句子其余部分，可强调除谓语以外的句子其他成分，如，
ItwasthismorningthatIsawhiminthestreet.
ItwasIwhosawhiminthestreetthismorning.
ItwasinthestreetthatIsawhimthismorning.
ItwashimwhomIsawinthestreetthismorning.
2、therebe句型
英语表示某时某处或某物时，常用therebe句型，这是一种倒装结构，如，
Therearealotofstudentsplayingontheground.
Thereisgoingtobeatestthisafternoon.
当主语有两个或两个以上时，动词be常和最近的那个主语取得一致，如，
Thereisapenandthreepencilsinthepencil-box.
Thereisn'tadesk,abenchandthreechairsintheroom.
Therearelotsofpeoplelikeit,aren'tthere?
therebe句型，谓语动词除be之外，还可用其他表示存在，位置移动等意义的不及物动词或词组，如exist,stand,lie,enter,come,happentobe,appeartobe等，如，
Therestandsahouseatthefootofthehill.
therebe句型表示"存在"而have表"有"、"拥有"，所以therebe中be不能换成have，但当have表示事物的特征时，可用"主语+have"结构替换therebe句型，如：
Therearefivedoorsinthehouse.
Thehousehasfivedoors.
therebe的其它句型：
1、Theremustbeameetingintheoffice.
2、Therehavebeengreatchangessince1979.
3、Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.
I．例题
例１____thathewenttosleep.
AItwasuntilmidnight BThatwasuntilmidnight
CItwasnotuntilmidnight DThatwasnotuntilmidnight
解析：
该题答案为C。
强调until结构时，要将否定词not移到until前。
又如：
Hedidn'tleaveuntiltwelve改为Itwasnotuntiltwelvethatheleft.
例２Therearealotofstudents____intheclassroom.
Atalk Btalking Ctalked Dtotalk
解析：
该题正确答案为B。
Therebe句型为倒装句，可换为Alotofstudentsaretalkingintheclassroom.又如：
Thereisalotofnoiseheardoutinthestreet.
（十六）省略
I．要点
有时为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不损害结构或引起误解的原则下，往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语。
１、固定习惯用词。
如：
Nosmoking!
Thanksslot!
等。
2.简单句中的省略
（１）口语中，一、二、三人称的主语，有时还包括谓语都可以省略。
如：
（Itis）Nicetoseeyou!
（Thisis）LiMingspeaking.
（２）所有格后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略。
如：
I'mgoingtovisitTom's（house）.
Imethimatthetailor's（shop）.
（３）两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式可省to.如:
Hisjobistocleanandmendthemachine.
（４）主（宾）语补足语中的tobe常省略。
Hewasconsidered（tobe）thebeststudentintheclass.
（５）Therebe结构中therebe可同时省略，或只省略there.如：
（Isthere）Anythingwrong?
（６）表示年龄的yearsold,表示钟点的o'clock,minute等常省略。
如：
Whattimeisitnow?
It'sten（o'clock）.
3从句中的省略
（１）宾语从句，以which,when,where,how和why引起的宾语从句谓语与主句谓语如相同，可省略从句中全部谓语，甚至主语也可省略，仅保留wh－一词。
如：
Hewillcome,butwedon'tknowwhen（hewillcome）.
Hedidn'tcome,Iwonderedwhy（hedidn'tcome）.
（２）定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词，如：
Theman（whom）Isawinthestreettheotherdayismyteacher.
（３）状语从句，在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中，从句主语与主句主语一致，或从句主语是it，则be动词及其主语常可省略。
如：
I'lltellhimthatwhen（itis）possible.
Iwon'tgothereunless（I'm）invited.
II．例题
例１Abeamoflightwillnotbend（弯曲）roundcornersunless____todosowiththehelpofareflectingdevice（反射装置）。
AmadeBbeingmadeChavingmadeDtobemade
解析：
该题正确答案为A。
unless后省略了itis.makesb（sth）dosth变成被动语态则为sth/sbbemadetodo.
例２While____myhomework,Iheardacryforhelp.
AdoBdidCdoingDhavingdone
解析：
该题答案为C。
该空处省略了I'm,相当于whileI'mdoingmyhomework.如：
Whileplayingguitar,heissinging.
英语语法习题检测
1.Hewasagoodswimmersohe____swimtotheriverbankwhentheboatsank.
A.can B.might C.couldbeableto D.wasableto
2．AttheChristmaspartySantaClaus（圣诞老人）____thepresentsunderthetree.
A.handedback B.handedout
C.handedin D.handedto
3.Tears____thelittlematchgirl'seyesasshethoughtofherkindgrandfather.
A.randown B.felldown C.cameto D.rolledinto
4.Achildcan'tlearn____without____.
A.tospell,helping B.spelling,helping
C.spell,beinghelped D.spelling,beinghelped
5.OnlyonemanhadeverbeenelectedPresidentfourtimes,____FranklinD.
Roosevelt.
A.forexample B.suchas
C.theoneofwhom D.thatistosay
6.____,themedicalteamismadeupoftwelvedoctors.
A.Altogether B.Entirely C.Completely D.Wholly
7.----____.
----Haveagoodtime.
A.I'vetoseethedoctornow
B.It'stimefordinner
C.Iwenttotheconcertlastnight
D.I'mgoingtoapartynow
8.Themanlivesina____place.Thatis,helives____fromhere.
A.faraway,faraway B.faraway,faraway
C.faraway,faraway D.faraway,faraway
9.Thepatient'sprogresswasencouragingashecould____getoutofbedwithouthelp.
A.nearly B.only C.hardly D.badly
10.Wehavetosetoffrightaway,____we?
A.do B.don't C.have D.haven't
11.Thestreetlights____onwhennightfalls.
A.willhaveturned B.willhavebeenturning
C.willbeturned D.willbeturning
12."Well,inthetranslation,theword____adifferentmeaning,"saidMissDianna.
A.takeson B.takesup C.lookslike D.hasalookat
13.Whenhewasthrough____hegotupandleft.
A.totalk B.tobetalked C.talking D.beingtalked
14.Thetownhas____bridge.
A.afineoldstone's B.anoldfinestone's
C.afineoldstone D.anoldfinestones
15.Ididn'tbuytheapples;hegavethemtome____nothing.
A.with B.for C.at D.by
16.____speaktomelikethatagain.
A.Never B.Not C.Notto D.Can't
17.Egyptis____theoldestcountriesintheworld.
A.one B.between C.among D.inthemiddleof
18.Theyfought____theendandwon____theend.
A.in,to B.to,in C.in,in D.to,to
19.I____threehoursonthetextanditwill____meanotherhourforthegrammar.
A.havespent,take B.spend,needhave
C.take,spend D.need,take
20.Theplayputonbythestudentswasquitedifferent____youimagined.
A.fromwhat B.tothat C.fromwhich D.towhich
21.Here____theworkerandwriter.
A.comesto B.comes C.come D.arecoming
22.Wouldyouliketohave____morebread?
A.some B.any C.afew D.little
23.Therewillbefew,if____.
A.some B.any C.much D.many
24.Ihave____thingstodo.Ican'tplay____.
A.many,nomore B.alotof,anymore
C.muchmore,more D.muchof,anymore
25.Iwalked50milestoday.IneverguessedthatIcouldwalk____far.
A.that B.this C.such D.as
26.IamsorryItookyourumbrella____mistake.
A.with B.through C.for D.by
27.Youcangowhereyoulike____yougetbackbeforedark.
A.aswellas B.aslongas
C.assoonas D.soasto
28.____weknow,thisisthebestofitskind.
A.Because B.When C.Asfaras D.That
29.Thereisn'tanywater____aironthemoon.
A.and B.or C.but D.both
30.Itwasnotlong____weclimbedupthemountain.
A.after B.before C.since D.until
31.Thegirlgrew____ageandwisdom.
A.for B.in C.with D.by
32.Theclimate（气候）inBeijingdoesnotagree____me.
A.on B.to C.with D.in
33.There'sapolicecarinfrontofthedepartmentstore.Whatdoyousuppose____.
A.ishappened B.hashappened
C.wouldhappen D.didhappen
34.____betterattention,thecabbages（洋白菜）couldhavegrownbetterwith
thesun____themlight.
A.Given,gave B.Given,giving
C.Giving,given D.Giving,giving
35.Whatis____next?
A.todo B.tobedone C.doing D.done
36."ADreamoftheRedChamber"（红楼梦）issaid____intodozensoflanguagesinthelastdecade（十年）.
A.tohavebeentranslated B.tobetranslated
C.totranslate D.tohavetranslated
37.Somescientistssaythattheneedforfreshwater____bytheyear2000.
A.willhavedoubled B.willbedoubling
C.bedoubled D.hasdoubled
38.It____Ihadnomoneywithmeatthemoment.
A.issohappenedthat B.wassohappenedthat
C.sohappenedwhich D.sohappenedthat
39.Whatdoestheweighingmachine____?
A.express B.explain C.read D.write
40.Overahundredboyscameto____out
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