机械毕业设计英文外文翻译128动力转向系统副本.docx

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译128动力转向系统副本.docx

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机械毕业设计英文外文翻译128动力转向系统副本

附录B

History

TheearliestknownpatentrelatedtopowersteeringwasthatbyFrederickW.LanchesterintheUK,inFebruary1902.Hisinventionwasto"causethesteeringmechanismtobeactuatedbyhydraulicpower".ThenextdesignwasfiledasrecordedbytheUSPatentOfficeonAugust30,1932,byKlaraGailis,fromBelmont,Massachusetts.ThereisanotherinventorcreditedwiththeinventionofpowersteeringbythenameofCharlesF.HammondanAmerican,borninDetroit,whofiledsimilarpatents,thefirstofwhichwasfiledasrecordedbytheCanadianIntellectualPropertyOffice.

ChryslerCorporationintroducedthefirstcommerciallyavailablepowersteeringsystemonthe1951ChryslerImperialunderthenameHydraguide.Mostnewvehiclesnowhavepowersteering,owingtothetrendstowardfrontwheeldrive,greatervehiclemass,andwidertires,whichallincreasetherequiredsteeringeffort.Heaviervehiclesascommoninsomecountrieswouldbeextremelydifficulttomaneuveratlowspeeds,whilevehiclesoflighterweightmaynotneedpowerassistedsteeringatall

Hydraulicsystems

Apowersteeringfluidreservoirandpulleydrivenpump

Mostpowersteeringsystemsworkbyusingahydraulicsystemtoturnthevehicle'swheels.Thehydraulicpressureisusuallyprovidedbyagerotororrotaryvanepumpdrivenbythevehicle'sengine.Adouble-actinghydrauliccylinderappliesaforcetothesteeringgear,whichinturnappliesatorquetothesteeringaxisoftheroadwheels.Theflowtothecylinderiscontrolledbyvalvesoperatedbythesteeringwheel;themoretorquethedriverappliestothesteeringwheelandtheshaftitisattachedto,themorefluidthevalvesallowthroughtothecylinder,andsothemoreforceisappliedtosteerthewheelsintheappropriatedirection.

Onedesignformeasuringthetorqueappliedtothesteeringwheelistofixatorsionbartotheendofthesteeringshaft.Asthesteeringwheelrotates,sodoestheattachedsteeringshaft,andsodoesthetopendoftheattachedtorsionbar.Sincethetorsionbarisrelativelythinandflexibleandthebottomendisnotcompletelyfreetorotate,thebarwillsoakupsomeofthetorque;thebottomendwillnotrotateasfarasthetopend.Thedifferenceinrotationbetweenthetopandbottomendsofthetorsionbarcanbeusedtocontrolthevalvethatallowsfluidtoflowtothecylinderwhichprovidessteeringassistance;thegreaterthe"twist"ofthetorsionbar,themoresteeringassistancewillbeprovided.

Sincethepumpsemployedareofthepositivedisplacementtype,theflowratetheydeliverisdirectlyproportionaltothespeedoftheengine.Thismeansthatathighenginespeedsthesteeringwouldnaturallyoperatefasterthanatlowenginespeeds.Becausethiswouldbeundesirable,arestrictingorificeandflowcontrolvalveareusedtodirectsomeofthepump'soutputbacktothehydraulicreservoirathighenginespeeds.Apressurereliefvalveisalsousedtopreventadangerousbuild-upofpressurewhenthehydrauliccylinder'spistonreachestheendofthecylinder.

Somemodernimplementationsalsoincludeanelectronicpressurereliefvalvewhichcanreducethehydraulicpressureinthepowersteeringlinesasthevehicle'sspeedincreases（thisisknownasvariableassistpowersteering）.

DIRAVI

IntheDIRAVIsysteminventedbyCitroën,theforceturningthewheelscomesfromthecar'shighpressurehydraulicsystemandisalwaysthesamenomatterwhattheroadspeedis.Asthesteeringwheelisturned,thewheelsareturnedsimultaneouslytoacorrespondinganglebyahydraulicpiston.Inordertogivesomeartificialsteeringfeel,thereisaseparatehydraulicallyoperatedsystemthattriestoturnthesteeringwheelbacktocentreposition.Theamountofpressureappliedisproportionaltoroadspeed,sothatatlowspeedsthesteeringisverylight,andathighspeedsitisverydifficulttomovemorethanasmallamountfromthecentreposition.

Aslongasthereispressureinthecar'shydraulicsystem,thereisnomechanicalconnectionbetweenthesteeringwheelandtheroadwheels.ThissystemwasfirstintroducedintheCitroënSMin1970,andwasknownas'VariPower'intheUKand'SpeedFeel'intheU.S.

WhileDIRAVIisnotthemechanicaltemplateforallmodernpowersteeringarrangements,itdidinnovatethenowcommonbenefitofspeedadjustablesteering.Theforceofthecenteringdeviceincreasesasthecar'sroadspeedincreases.

Electro-hydraulicsystems

Electro-hydraulicpowersteeringsystems,sometimesabbreviatedEHPS,andalsosometimescalled"hybrid"systems,usethesamehydraulicassisttechnologyasstandardsystems,butthehydraulicpressureisprovidedbyapumpdrivenbyanelectricmotorinsteadofbeingbelt-drivenbytheengine.

In1965,Fordexperimentedwithafleetof"wrist-twistinstantsteering"equippedMercuryParkLanesthatreplacedtheconventionallargesteeringwheelwithtwo5-inch（127 mm）rings,afast15:

1gearratio,andanelectrichydraulicpumpincasetheenginestalled.

In1994VolkswagenproducedtheMark3GolfEcomatic,whichutilizedanelectricpumpsothatthepowersteeringcouldoperatewhiletheenginehadbeenturnedoffbythecomputertosavefuel.Electro-hydraulicsystemscanbefoundinsomecarsbyFord,Volkswagen,Audi,Peugeot,Citroen,SEAT,Skoda,Suzuki,Opel,MINI,Toyota,Honda,andMazda.

Servotronic

Servotronicofferstruespeed-dependentpowersteering,inwhichtheamountofservoassistdependsonroadspeed,andthusprovidesevenmorecomfortforthedriver.Theamountofpowerassistisgreatestatlowspeeds,forexamplewhenparkingthecar.Thegreaterassistmakesiteasiertomaneuverthecar.Athigherspeeds,anelectronicsensingsystemgraduallyreducesthelevelofpowerassist.Inthisway,thedrivercancontrolthecarevenmorepreciselythanwithconventionalpowersteering.Servotronicisusedbyanumberofautomakers,includingAudi,BMW,Volkswagen,Volvo,andPorsche.ServotronicisatrademarkofAMGeneralCorp.

附录C

历史

已知最早的专利有关的动力转向系统是由弗雷德里克兰彻斯特在英国，在1902年2月。

Hisinventionwasto"causethesteeringmechanismtobeactuatedbyhydraulicpower".他的发明是“导致转向驱动机制，由液压动力”。

ThenextdesignwasfiledasrecordedbytheUSPatentOfficeonAugust30,1932,byKlaraGailis,fromBelmont,Massachusetts.接下来的设计提出由美国专利局记录1932年8月30日在克拉拉盖利斯，从贝尔蒙，马萨诸塞州。

ThereisanotherinventorcreditedwiththeinventionofpowersteeringbythenameofCharlesF.HammondanAmerican,borninDetroit,whofiledsimilarpatents,thefirstofwhichwasfiledasrecordedbytheCanadianIntellectualPropertyOffice.有与动力转向由查尔斯F哈蒙德在底特律的美国，谁提出了类似的专利，其中被提交由加拿大知识产权局录得的第一个出生的，名字记入另一位发明家发明。

ChryslerCorporationintroducedthefirstcommerciallyavailablepowersteeringsystemonthe1951ChryslerImperialunderthenameHydraguide.克莱斯勒公司推出了第一款商业化的动力转向在1951年克莱斯勒帝国的名义Hydraguide系统。

Mostnewvehiclesnowhavepowersteering,owingtothetrendstowardfrontwheeldrive,greatervehiclemass,andwidertires,whichallincreasetherequiredsteeringeffort.现在大部分新车的动力转向，由于对前轮驱动的趋势，更多的车辆质量，和更广泛的轮胎，所有增加必要的指导工作。

Heaviervehiclesascommoninsomecountrieswouldbeextremelydifficulttomaneuveratlowspeeds,whilevehiclesoflighterweightmaynotneedpowerassistedsteeringatall.在一些国家，共同将很难在低速行驶机动车辆较重，而重量轻的车辆可能不需要辅助转向的一切权力。

液压助力转向

大多数动力转向系统工作，通过使用液压系统把车辆的车轮。

Thehydraulicpressureisusuallyprovidedbyagerotororrotaryvanepumpdrivenbythevehicle'sengine.液压通常由一gerotor或旋片泵的汽车引擎驱动。

Adouble-actinghydrauliccylinderappliesaforcetothesteeringgear,whichinturnappliesatorquetothesteeringaxisoftheroadwheels.双作用液压缸适用于一队的舵机，从而适用于一扭矩对负重轮转向轴。

Theflowtothecylinderiscontrolledbyvalvesoperatedbythesteeringwheel;themoretorquethedriverappliestothesteeringwheelandtheshaftitisattachedto,themorefluidthevalvesallowthroughtothecylinder,andsothemoreforceisappliedtosteerthewheelsintheappropriatedirection.到汽缸流控制的方向盘操作阀，扭矩更适用于驾驶方向盘，它是连接轴，更流体阀允许通过在气缸，所以更多的力量适用于在适当的引导方向的车轮。

Onedesignformeasuringthetorqueappliedtothesteeringwheelistofixatorsionbartotheendofthesteeringshaft.衡量一个适用于方向盘上的扭矩设计用于修复扭杆的督导轴端。

Asthesteeringwheelrotates,sodoestheattachedsteeringshaft,andsodoesthetopendoftheattachedtorsionbar.随着方向盘转动，因此没有附加的转向轴，所以也所附扭杆高端。

Sincethetorsionbarisrelativelythinandflexibleandthebottomendisnotcompletelyfreetorotate,thebarwillsoakupsomeofthetorque;thebottomendwillnotrotateasfarasthetopend.由于扭杆比较薄，灵活，低端不完全自由旋转，酒吧将吸收一些的扭矩;底部的结束将不会旋转尽可能的最高端。

Thedifferenceinrotationbetweenthetopandbottomendsofthetorsionbarcanbeusedtocontrolthevalvethatallowsfluidtoflowtothecylinderwhichprovidessteeringassistance;thegreaterthe"twist"ofthetorsionbar,themoresteeringassistancewillbeprovided.在之间扭杆的顶部和底部旋转的差异，可以用来控制阀，使流体流向汽缸提供指导帮助，在更大的“扭曲的扭力杆”，更将转向援助提供。

Sincethepumpsemployedareofthepositivedisplacementtype,theflowratetheydeliverisdirectlyproportionaltothespeedoftheengine.由于该泵采用容积式类型，流速它们提供成正比的发动机转速。

Thismeansthatathighenginespeedsthesteeringwouldnaturallyoperatefasterthanatlowenginespeeds.这意味着，在发动机转速高，督导工作自然会比在低转速更快。

Becausethiswouldbeundesirable,arestrictingorificeandflowcontrolvalveareusedtodirectsomeofthepump'soutputbacktothehydraulicreservoirathighenginespeeds.因为这将是不好的，限制口和流量控制阀是用来直接泵的输出部分回到高发动机转速液压水库。

Apressurereliefvalveisalsousedtopreventadangerousbuild-upofpressurewhenthehydrauliccylinder'spistonreachestheendofthecylinder.阿泄压阀也可以用来防止危险的累积压力，液压缸的活塞到达气缸结束。

Somemodernimplementationsalsoincludeanelectronicpressurereliefvalvewhichcanreducethehydraulicpressureinthepowersteeringlinesasthevehicle'ss