名词解释+问题.docx

名词解释+问题.docx

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名词解释+问题

Explanations

Chapter1

NewEngland:

thenortheasterncorneroftheUnitedStatesincludingthepresentstatesofMaine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIslandandConnecticut.

GreatLakes:

thefivelakesbetweenCanadaandtheUS.TheyareLakeSuperior,LakeMichigan,LakeHuron,LakeErieandLakeOntario.

Chapter3

MayflowerCompact:

thefirstgoverningdocumentofPlymouthColony,draftedbythe“Pilgrims”whocrossedtheAtlanticaboardtheMayflower,seekingreligiousfreedom.ItwassignedonNovember11,1620.InthisCompacttheyagreedtosticktogether,toabidebymajorityrole,andtohavearighttochoosetheirownleader.

ThanksgivingDay:

Itisanannualone-dayholidaytogivethanksattheconclusionoftheharvestseason.TheUnitedStatescelebratesThanksgivingonthefourthThursdayofNovember.

Chapter4

BostonTeaParty:

ontheeveningof,1773,inBoston,whenshipsofteareachedBostonandthegovernorwasdeterminedtoseethatteawaslegallyprotectedinitsdistribution,agroupofangrycolonists,knownastheBostonTeaParty,dressedthemselvesupasIndiansandboardedthethreecompanyships,rippedopen342chestsofteavaluedat￡17000,anddumpedalltheteaintotheharbor.

TheFirstContinentalCongress:

In1774,theFirstContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladelphia,whichencouragedAmericanstorefusetobuyBritishgoods,andorganizedcolonialmilitiaunits.

Chapter5

Confederation:

aconfederationisagovernmentinwhichtheconstituentgovernments,calledstatesintheUS,createacentralgovernmentbyconstitutionalcompactbutdonotgiveitpowertoregulatetheconductofindividuals.

TheBillofRights:

In1789,JamesMadisonintroducedintheHouseofRepresentativesaseriesofamendmentswhichlaterweredraftedintotwelveproposedamendmentsandsenttothestatesforratification.Tenofthemwereratifiedin1791andthefirsttenamendmentstotheconstitutionwerecalledtheBillsofRightsbecausetheyweretoinsureindividualliberties.

Chapter6

MissouriCompromise:

in1820,theNorthandSouthreachedasolution,“MissouriCompromise”.Missouriwasadmittedasaslavestate,butthebalanceofpoliticalpowermaintainedbyadmissionofMaineasafreestate;inaddition,slaverywastobeprohibitedintherestofLouisianaTerritorynorthoftheline36’30’paralleloflatitude.

GettysburgAddress:

ItreferstotheshortspeechPresidentLincolnmadewhenhededicatedthenationalcemeteryatGettysburg.Heendedthespeechwith“thegovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth”.

Chapter7

OpenDoorPolicy:

inSin-Americarelations,TheodoreRooseveltpushedtheso-called“OpenDoorPolicy”whichdemandedthatalltheimperialistpowersshouldenjoyequalchanceinChinaasfreelyasotheraggressors.

TheKuKluxKlan:

theKKKwasthefirstorganizedin1866andthenreformedin1867.TheKKKterrorizedandattackednotonlyblacks,butalsoprogressives,laborunionorganizerscommunistorsocialistpartymembers.

ProclamationofAmnestyandReconstruction:

itwaspassedin1866.ItdividedalltheformerConfederatestates,exceptTennessee,intofivemilitarydistrictsandeachwasputunderthecontrolofaNorthernarmyofficer.Theofficerhadthepowertokeeporderandtoenforcemartiallawifnecessary.

Chapter8

RoaringTwenties:

thetenyearsbetween1919and1929usuallycalledthe“RoaringTwenties”orthe“JazzAge”:

atimeofcarefreeprosperity,isolationfromtheworld’sproblems,bewilderingsocialchangesandfeverishpursuitofpleasure.

TheSocialSecurityAct:

in1935,itwassignedbyRooseveltwhichprovidedasystemofpensionsfortheretired,unemploymentinsurance,andcareforthedependentanddisabled.

Chapter9

TheColdWar:

a.InthepostwarperiodthedifferentbetweenRussiaandtheUSincreasedandledtoanewkindofwar,awar,withoutfighting,whichwascalledtheColdWar.

b.TheColdWarwasmarkedbyinternationaltensionandhostilityarousingfromvariousmilitary,diplomatic,social,propagandistic,andeconomicpressuresemployedbyonesideagainsttheordertogainadvantageeconomicallyintermsofsecurity,orintermsworldopinion.

c.TheColdWarwasendedwiththedissolutionoftheUSSRin1991.

TrumanDoctrine:

On,1949,PresidentTrumanputforwardtheTrumanDoctrineinhisspeechtothejointsessionofCongress.TheDoctrinemeanttosupportanycountrywhichsaiditwasfightingcommunism.

TheMarshallPlan:

ItwasannouncedbyGeorgeMarshallon,1947,andwastheeconomicaidplanforWesternEurope.ItwasalsousedtopreventthelossofWesternEuropeintotheSovietsphere.

Chapter10

Pocketveto:

Apocketvetoisalegislativemaneuverinlawmakingthatallowsapresidentorotherofficialwithvetopowereffectivelytoexercisethatpoweroverabillbytakingnoaction.

Federalism:

①Thedivisionofpowersbyaconstitutionbetweenthecentralgovernmentiscalledfederalism.②Federalismoperatesontwolevels,thenationalandthestate.③Unitsofgovernmentswithinastateenjoynoindependentexistence.

Separationofpowers:

Constitutionaldivisionofpowersamongthelegislative,executive,andjudicialbranches.

Chapter11

Selectiveveto:

Judicialreview:

JohnMarshall,themostfamouschiefjusticeinAmericanhistory,calledthepoweroftheinterpretationoftheConstitutionjudicialreview.

Chapter12

ElectionDay:

TuesdayafterthefirstMondayinNovember,eachleapyear.

Winner-take-all:

thecandidatewiththemostvotesinastatewinsallofthatstate’selectoralvotes.

Question

Chapter3

Q:

WhydidsomanyEnglishpeoplemovetotheNewWorldinthe17thcentury

A:

a.TheNewWorldwasagreatandrichland.IntheNewWorldtherewereallthoseresourcesnecessaryforagriculturalandindustrialdevelopment.

b.DuringthereignofQueenElizabethⅠ（1588-1603）,theEnglishingrowingnumbersrealizedmaketheirfortunes,andtoworshipandliveaccordingtotheirbeliefs.

c.SomeofthemmightmovetoAmericatoleaveoppressivepoliticalinstitutions,toescapeburdensomechurchduties,toacquirelargelandholdingsormerelytochangetheirgeneralpatternofliving.Ofcourse,materialgainwasacommonfactor.

Q:

Whatwasthesocialstructureofthe13colonies

A:

Societyinthe13colonieswaslikeapyramid.

a.Thetopwasmadeupofmerchantsandlandlords.

b.ThebasewasmadeupofrefugeesfromEurope,blackslavesfromAfrica,andthenativeIndians.

Chapter4

Q:

WhatwerethemainthecontentsoftheDeclarationofIndependence

A:

TheDeclarationincludesthesefiveparts:

a.thePreamble,whichexplainswhytheDeclarationwasissued;

b.astatementofprinciplesofgovernmenttowhichtheAmericanpeoplewerecommitted;

c.alistofinjusticessufferedbythecolonies;

d.asummaryofeffortsthecolonieshadmadetoavoidabreakwiththemothercountry;and

e.Theproclamationthatthe“ColoniesareFreeandIndependentStates.”

Chapter5

Q:

WhatwerethechiefcausesoftheWarof1812

A:

a.TheBritishwerenotreconciledtothelossoftheirthirteencolonies.UsingCanadaasthebase,theyalwayschallengedtobattlewiththeyoungRepublic.

b.Thisangerreacheditspeakin1807whenoneBritishwarshipattachedandboardtheAmericanship,killingandwounding21menandimpressingfoursailors.

Q:

WhatpowersdothenationalandtheindividualhaveundertheArticlesofConfederation

A:

UndertheArticlesofConfederationthenationalgovernmentconsistedofonlyalegislature;ithadnoseparateexecutiveandjudicialdivisions.Thestategovernmenthadsolerighttolegislatemattersconcerningdebts,contracts,familyaffairsanditcouldtaxtheircitizens.

Chapter6

Q:

WhatwastheMonroeDoctrine

A:

TheforeignpolicyofJamesMonroe,the5th.President.Itwasannouncedin1823.TheessenceoftheDoctrinewas“AmericaforAmericans”,whichlaterbecameacornerstoneoftheUSforeignpolicy.

Q:

WhatwerethebasiccausesoftheCivilWar

A:

In1825,HarrietBeecherStowepublishedherfamousbookUncleTom’sCabin.ThisnovelhasbeendescribedasoneofthesignificanteventsleadinguptotheCivilWar.Twodifferentsocial-economicsystemsexistedsidebysideintheUS.IntheSouthslaverywasthefoundationoftheeconomicsystemwhileintheNorthindustryandcommercewerethemaincharacterofitseconomy.TheswiftlygrowingindustriesintheNorthrequiredtherestrictionofslaveryaswellasanexpandingterritoryinordertoprovidecapitalistproductionwithrawmaterials,marketsandabundantlaborsupply.TheslaveeconomyintheSouthwasanobstacletoindustrialgrowthandexpansion.ThiseconomicantagonismledtoincreasedconflictsbetweentheNorthandtheSouth.

Chapter7

Q:

DoyouthinkChicagoisacitywithgloriousrevolutionarytraditionWhy

A:

Yes.InChicago,fourstrikersdiedatthehandsofpolice.Onthenightofthe4th,1886,workersgatheredatHaymarketSquareofChicagotomournforthedead.Unfortunatelyeightleadersoftheworkers’organizationwerearrestedbythepolice.Newsspreadout.Workersofthewholecountryandofsomeothercountriesexpressedtheirsupport.PayingtributetoAmericanmartyrs,theSecondInternationalmeetingwasheldatParisin1889.ThemeetingadoptedaresolutiondesignatingMay1asInternationalLaborDaytobeobservedbytheworkersofallcountries.TheUSworkingclassmovementhadanewupsurgeattheturnofthecentury.OnMarch8,1909,womenworkersinChicagolaunchedabigstruggleforfreedomandequalrightswithmen.TheireffortswontherecognitionoftheSecondInternationalCongressofWomenSocialistswhichdecidedin1910thatMarch8eachyearwastobeobserv