硬件模电数电电路术语.docx

硬件模电数电电路术语.docx

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硬件模电数电电路术语

硬件术语（电路、模电、数电）电路的基本观点及定律电源source电压源voltagesource电流源currentsource理想电压源idealvoltagesource理想电流源idealcurrentsource伏安特征volt-amperecharacteristic电动势electromotiveforce电压voltage电流current电位potential电位差potentialdifference欧姆Ohm伏特Volt安培Ampere瓦特Watt焦耳Joule电路circuit电路元件circuitelement电阻resistance电阻器resistor电感inductance电感器inductor电容capacitance电容器capacitor电路模型circuitmodel参照方向referencedirection参照电位referencepotential欧姆定律Ohm’slaw基尔霍夫定律Kirchhoff’slaw基尔霍夫电压定律Kirchhoff’svoltagelaw（KVL）基尔霍夫电流定律Kirchhoff’scurrentlaw（KCL）结点node支路branch回路loop网孔mesh支路电流法branchcurrentanalysis网孔电流法meshcurrentanalysis结点电位法nodevoltageanalysis电源变换sourcetransformations叠加原理superpositiontheorem网络network无源二端网络passivetwo-terminalnetwork

有源二端网络activetwo-terminalnetwork戴维宁定理Thevenin’stheorem诺顿定理Norton’stheorem开路（断路）opencircuit短路shortcircuit开路电压open-circuitvoltage短路电流short-circuitcurrent沟通电路直流电路directcurrentcircuit（dc）沟通电路alternatingcurrentcircuit（ac）正弦沟通电路sinusoidala-ccircuit均匀值averagevalue有效值effectivevalue均方根值root-mean-squirevalue（rms）刹时价instantaneousvalue电抗reactance感抗inductivereactance容抗capacitivereactance法拉Farad亨利Henry阻抗impedance复数阻抗compleximpedance相位phase初相位initialphase相位差phasedifference相位当先phaselead相位落伍phaselag倒相，反相phaseinversion频次frequency角频次angularfrequency赫兹Hertz相量phasor相量图phasordiagram有功功率activepower无功功率reactivepower视在功率apparentpower功率因数powerfactor功率因数赔偿power-factorcompensation串连谐振seriesresonance并联谐振parallelresonance谐振频次resonancefrequency频次特征frequencycharacteristic幅频特征amplitude-frequencyresponsecharacteristic

相频特征phase-frequencyresponsecharacteristic截止频次cutofffrequency质量因数qualityfactor通频带pass-band带宽bandwidth（BW）滤波器filter一阶滤波器first-orderfilter二阶滤波器second-orderfilter低通滤波器low-passfilter高通滤波器high-passfilter带通滤波器band-passfilter带阻滤波器band-stopfilter转移函数transferfunction波特图Bodediagram傅立叶级数Fourierseries三相电路三相电路three-phasecircuit三相电源three-phasesource对称三相电源symmetricalthree-phasesource对称三相负载symmetricalthree-phaseload相电压phasevoltage相电流phasecurrent线电压linevoltage线电流linecurrent三相三线制three-phasethree-wiresystem三相四线制three-phasefour-wiresystem三相功率three-phasepower星形连结starconnection（Y-connection）三角形连结triangularconnection（-connection,deltaconnection）中线neutralline电路的暂态过程剖析暂态transientstate稳态steadystate暂态过程，暂态响应transientresponse换路定理lowofswitch一阶电路first-ordercircuit三因素法three-factormethod时间常数timeconstant积分电路integratingcircuit微分电路differentiatingcircuit

磁路与变压器

startingcurrentstartingtorqueratedvoltageratedcurrentratedpowermechanicalcharacteristic

磁场magneticfield磁通flux磁路magneticcircuit磁感觉强度fluxdensity磁通势magnetomotiveforce磁阻reluctance电动机直流电动机dcmotor沟通电动机acmotor异步电动机asynchronousmotor同步电动机synchronousmotor三相异步电动机three-phaseasynchronousmotor单相异步电动机single-phaseasynchronousmotor旋转磁场rotatingmagneticfield定子stator

转子rotor转差率slip起动电流起动转矩额定电压额定电流额定功率机械特征

继电器-接触器控制按钮button熔断器fuse开关switch行程开关travelswitch继电器relay接触器contactor常开（动合）触点normallyopencontact常闭（动断）触点normallyclosedcontact时间继电器timerelay热继电器thermaloverloadrelay中间继电器intermediaterelay

可编程控制器（PLC）可编程控制器programmablelogiccontroller语句表statementlist梯形图ladderdiagram半导体器件本征半导体intrinsicsemiconductor

混杂半导体dopedsemiconductorP型半导体P-typesemiconductorN型半导体N--typesemiconductor自由电子freeelectron空穴hole载流子carriersPN结PNjunction扩散diffusion漂移drift二极管diode硅二极管silicondiode锗二极管germaniumdiode阳极anode阴极cathode发光二极管light-emittingdiode（LED）光电二极管photodiode稳压二极管Zenerdiode晶体管（三极管）transistorPNP型晶体管PNPtransistorNPN型晶体管NPNtransistor发射极emitter集电极collector基极base电流放大系数currentamplificationcoefficient场效应管field-effecttransistor（FET）P沟道p-channelN沟道n-channel结型场效应管junctionFET（JFET）金属氧化物半导体metal-oxidesemiconductor（MOS）耗尽型MOS场效应管depletionmodeMOSFET（D-MOSFET）加强型MOS场效应管enhancementmodeMOSFET（E-MOSFET）源极source栅极grid漏极drain跨导transconductance夹断电压pinch-offvoltage热敏电阻thermistor开路open短路shorted基本放大器放大器amplifier正向偏置forwardbias反向偏置backwardbias静态工作点quiescentpoint（Q-point）

等效电路equivalentcircuit电压放大倍数voltagegain总的电压放大倍数overallvoltagegain饱和saturation截止cut-off放大区amplifierregion饱和区saturationregion截止区cut-offregion失真distortion饱和失真saturationdistortion截止失真cut-offdistortion零点漂移zerodrift正反应positivefeedback负反应negativefeedback串连负反应seriesnegativefeedback并联负反应parallelnegativefeedback共射极放大器common-emitteramplifier射极跟从器emitter-follower共源极放大器common-sourceamplifier共漏极放大器common-drainamplifier多级放大器multistageamplifier阻容耦合放大器resistance-capacitancecoupledamplifier直接耦合放大器direct-coupledamplifier输入电阻inputresistance

输出电阻outputresistance负载电阻loadresistance动向电阻dynamicresistance负载电流loadcurrent旁路电容bypasscapacitor耦合电容coupledcapacitor直流通路directcurrentpath沟通通路alternatingcurrentpath直流重量directcurrentcomponent沟通重量alternatingcurrentcomponent变阻器（电位器）rheostat电阻（器）resistor电阻（值）resistance电容（器）capacitor电容（量）capacitance电感（器，线圈）inductor电感（量），感觉系数inductance正弦电压sinusoidalvoltage集成运算放大器及应用差动放大器differentialamplifier

运算放大器operationalamplifier（op-amp）失调电压offsetvoltage失调电流offsetcurrent共模信号common-modesignal差模信号different-modesignal共模克制比common-moderejectionratio（CMRR）积分电路integrator（circuit）微分电路differentiator（circuit）有源滤波器activefilter低通滤波器low-passfilter高通滤波器high-passfilter带通滤波器band-passfilter带阻滤波器band-stopfilter波特沃斯滤波器Butterworthfilter切比雪夫滤波器Chebyshevfilter贝塞尔滤波器Besselfilter截止频次cut-offfrequency上限截止频次uppercut-offfrequency下限截止频次lowercut-offfrequency中心频次centerfrequency带宽Bandwidth开环增益open-loopgain闭环增益closed-loopgain共模增益common-modegain输入阻抗inputimpedance电压跟从器voltage-follower电压源voltagesource电流源currentsource单位增益带宽unity-gainbandwidth频次响应frequencyresponse频响特征（曲线）responsecharacteristic波特图theBodeplot稳固性stability赔偿compensation比较器comparator迟滞比较器hysteresiscomparator阶跃输入电压stepinputvoltage仪表放大器instrumentationamplifier隔绝放大器isolationamplifier对数放大器logamplifier反对数放大器antilogamplifier反应通道feedbackpath反向漏电流reverseleakagecurrent相位phase

相移phaseshift锁相环phase-lockedloop（PLL）锁相环相位监测器PLLphasedetector和频sumfrequency差频differencefrequency波形发生电路振荡器oscillatorRC振荡器RCoscillatorLC振荡器LCoscillator正弦波振荡器sinusoidaloscillator三角波发生器triangularwavegenerator方波发生器squarewavegenerator幅度magnitude电平level饱和输出电平（电压）saturatedoutputlevel功率放大器功率放大器poweramplifier交越失真cross-overdistortion甲类功率放大器classApoweramplifier乙类推挽功率放大器classBpush-pullpoweramplifierOTL功率放大器outputtransformerlesspoweramplifierOCL功率放大器outputcapacitorlesspoweramplifier直流稳压电源半波整流full-waverectifier全波整流half-waverectifier电感滤波器inductorfilter电容滤波器capacitorfilter串连型稳压电源series（voltage）regulator开关型稳压电源switching（voltage）regulator集成稳压器IC（voltage）regulator晶闸管及可控整流电路晶闸管thyristor单结晶体管unijunctiontransistor（UJT）可控整流controlledrectifier可控硅silicon-controlledrectifier峰点peakpoint谷点valleypoint控制角controllingangle导通角turn-onangle门电路与逻辑代数二进制binary二进制数binarynumber十进制decimal十六进制hexadecimal

-十进制binarycodeddecimal（BCD）门电路gate三态门tri-stategate与门ANDgate或门ORgate非门NOTgate与非门NANDgate或非门NORgate异或门exclusive-ORgate反相器inverter布尔代数Booleanalgebra真值表truthtable卡诺图theKarnaughmap逻辑函数logicfunction逻辑表达式logicexpression组合逻辑电路组合逻辑电路combinationlogiccircuit译码器decoder编码器coder比较器comparator半加器half-adder全加器full-adder七段显示器seven-segmentdisplay时序逻辑电路时序逻辑电路sequentiallogiccircuitR-S触发器R-Sflip-flopD触发器Dflip-flopJ-K触发器J-Kflip-flop主从型触发器master-slaveflip-flop置位set复位reset直接置位端direct-setterminal直接复位端direct-resetterminal存放器register移位存放器shiftregister双向移位存放器bidirectionalshiftregister计数器counter同步计数器synchronouscounter异步计数器asynchronouscounter加法计数器addingcounter减法计数器subtractingcounter准时器timer消除（清0）clear载入load

时钟脉冲clockpulse触发脉冲triggerpulse上涨沿positiveedge降落沿negativeedge时序图timingdiagram波形图waveform脉冲波形的产生与整形单稳态触发器monostableflip-flop双稳态触发器bistableflip-flop无稳态振荡器astableoscillator晶体crystal555准时器555timer模拟信号与数字信号的互相变换模拟信号analogsignal数字信号digitalsignalAD变换器analog-digitalconverter（ADC）DA变换器digital-analogconverter（DAC）半导体储存器只读储存器read-onlymemory（ROM）随机存取储存器random-accessmemory（RAM）可编程ROMprogrammableROM（PROM）