哈工大考博英语真题以及答案.docx

哈工大考博英语真题以及答案.docx

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哈工大考博英语真题以及答案

GeneralEnglishAdmissionTestForNon-EnglishMajor

Ph.D.program

（HarbinInstituteofTechnology）

PassageOne

Questions1-7arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Accordingtoarecenttheory,Archean-agegold-quartzveinsystemswereformedovertwobillionyearsagofrommagmaticfluidsthatoriginatedfrommoltengranitelikebodiesdeepbeneaththesurfaceoftheEarth.Thistheoryiscontrarytothewidelyheldviewthatthesystemsweredepositedfrommetamorphicfluids,thatis,fromfluidsthatformedduringthedehydrationofwetsedimentaryrocks.Therecentlydevelopedtheoryhasconsiderablepracticalimportance.MostofthegolddepositsdiscoveredduringtheoriginalgoldrusheswereexposedattheEarth’ssurfaceandwerefoundbecausetheyhadshedtrailsofalluvialgoldthatwereeasilytracedbysimpleprospectingmethods.Althoughthesesamemethodsstillleastoanoccasionaldiscovery,mostdepositsnotyetdiscoveredhavegoneundetectedbecausetheyareburiedandhavenosurfaceexpression.

Thechallengeinexplorationisthereforetounravelthesubsurfacegeologyofanareaandpinpointthepositionofburiedminerals.Methodswidelyusedtodayincludeanalysisofaerialimagesthatyieldabroadgeologicaloverview,geophysicaltechniquesthatprovidedataonthemagnetic,electrical,andmineralogicalpropertiesoftherocksbeinginvestigated,andsensitivechemicalteststhatareabletodetect:

thesubtlechemicalhalosthatoftenenvelopmineralization.However,noneofthesehigh-technologymethodsareofanyvalueifthesitestowhichtheyareappliedhavenevermineralized,andtomaximizethechancesofdiscoverytheexplorermustthereforepayparticularattentiontoselectingthegroundformationsmostlikelytobemineralized.Suchgroundselectionreliestovaryingdegreesonconceptualmodels,whichtakeintoaccounttheoreticalstudiesofrelevantfactors.

Thesemodelsareconstructedprimarilyfromempiricalobservationsofknownmineraldepositsandfromtheoriesofore-formingprocesses.Theexplorerusesthemodelstoidentifythosegeologicalfeaturesthatarecriticaltotheformationofthemineralizationbeingmodeled,andthentriestoselectareasforexplorationthatexhibitasmanyofthecriticalfeaturesaspossible.

1.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith.

A.advocatingareturntoanoldermethodology.

B.explainingtheimportanceofarecenttheory.

C.enumeratingdifferencesbetweentwowidelyusedmethods

D.describingeventsleadingtoadiscovery

2.Accordingtopassage,thewidelyheldviewofArchean-agegold-quartzveinsystemsisthatsuchsystems

Awereformedfrommetamorphicfluids.

Boriginatedinmoltengranitelikebodies

Cwereformedfromalluvialdeposits

Dgenerallyhavesurfaceexpression

3.Thepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingstepswouldbethefirstperformedbyexplorerswhowishtomaximizetheirchancesofdiscoveringgold?

ASurveyingseveralsitesknowntohavebeenformedmorethantwobillionyearsago.

BLimitingexplorationtositesknowntohavebeenformedformmetamorphicfluid.

CUsinganappropriateconceptualmodeltoselectasiteforfurtherexploration.

DUsinggeophysicalmethodstoanalyzerocksoverabroadarea.

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdiscoveriesofgolddepositsissupportedbyinformationinthepassage?

AThenumberofgolddiscovermadeannuallyhasincreasedbetweenthetimeoftheoriginalgoldrushesandthepresent

BNewdiscoveriesofgolddepositsarelikelytobetheresultofexplorationtechniquesdesignedtolocateburiedmineralization

CItisunlikelythatnewlydiscoveredgolddepositswilleveryieldasmuchasdidthosedepositsdiscoveredduringtheoriginalgoldrushes.

DModernexplorersaredividedonthequestionoftheutilityofsimpleprospectingmethodsasasourceofnewdiscoveriesofgolddeposits.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingiseasiesttodetect?

AAgold-quartzveinsystemoriginatinginmagmaticfluids.

BAgold-quartzveinsystemoriginatinginmetamorphicfluids.

CAgolddepositthatismixedwithgranite.

DAgolddepositthathasshedalluvialgold.

6.ThetheorymentionedinlineIrelatestotheconceptualmodelsdiscussedinthepassageinwhichofthefollowingways?

AItmayfurnishavalidaccountofore-formingprocesses,andhence,cansupportconceptualmodelsthathavegreatpracticalsignificance.

BItsuggeststhatcertaingeologicalformations,longbelievedtobemineralized,areinfactmineralizedthusconfirmingcurrentconceptualmodels.

C.ItsuggeststhattheremaynotbeenoughsimilarityacrossArchean-agegold-quartzveinsystemstowarranttheformulationofconceptualmodels.

DItcorrectsexistingtheoriesaboutthechemicalhalosofgolddeposits,andthusprovidesabasisforcorrectingcurrentconceptualmodels.

7.Accordingtothepassagemethodsofexploringforgoldthatarewidelyusedtodayarebasedonwhichofthefollowingfacts?

AMostoftheEarth’sremaininggolddepositsarestillmolten.

BMostoftheEarth’sremaininggolddepositsareexposedatthesurface.

CMostoftheEarth’sremaininggolddepositsareburiedandhavenosurfaceexpression

DOnlyonetypeofgolddepositwarrantsexploration.sincetheothertypesofgolddepositsarefoundinregionsdifficulttoreach

PassageTwo

Questions8-15arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Inchoosingamethodfordeterminingclimaticconditionsthatexistedinthepast,paleoclimatologistsinvokefourprincipalcriteria.First,thematerial—rocks,lakes,vegetation,etc.—onwhichthemethodreliesmustbewidespreadenoughtoprovideplentyofinformation,sinceanalysisofmaterialthatisrarelyencounteredwillnotpermitcorrelationwithotherregionsorwithotherperiodsofgeologicalhistory.Secondintheprocessofformation,thematerialmusthavereceivedanenvironmentalsignalthatreflectsachangeinclimateandthatcanbedecipheredbymodernphysicalorchemicalmeans.Third,atleastsomeofthematerialmusthaveretainedthesignalunaffectedbysubsequentchangesintheenvironment.Fourth,itmustbepossibletodeterminethetimeatwhichtheinferredclimaticconditionsheld.Thislastcriterionismoreeasilymetindatingmarinesediments,becausedatingofonlyasmallnumberoflayersinamarinesequenceallowstheageofotherlayerstobeestimatedfairlyreliablybyextrapolationandinterpolation.Bycontrast,becausesedimentationismuchlesscontinuousincontinentalregions,estimatingtheageofacontinentalbedfromtheknownagesofbedsaboveandbelowismorerisky.

Oneveryoldmethodusedintheinvestigationofpastclimaticconditionsinvolvesthemeasurementofwaterlevelsinancientlakes.Intemperateregions,thereareenoughlakesforcorrelationsbetweenthemtogiveusatenablepicture.Inaridandsemiaridregions,ontheotherhand,thesmallnumberoflakesandthegreatdistancesbetweenthemreducethepossibilitiesforcorrelation.Moreover,sincelakelevelsarecontrolledbyratesofevaporationaswellasbyprecipitation,theinterpretationofsuchlevelsisambiguous.Forinstance,thefactthatlakelevelsinthesemiaridsouthwesternUnitedStatesappeartohavebeenhigherduringthelasticeagethantheyarenowwasatonetimeattributedtoincreasedprecipitation.Onthebasisofsnowlineelevations,however,ithasbeenconcludedthattheclimatethenwasnotnecessarilywetterthanitisnow,butratherthatbothsummersandwinterswerecooler,resultinginreducedevaporation

Anotherproblematicmethodistoreconstructformerclimatesonthebasisofpollenprofiles.Thetypeofvegetationinaspecificregionisdeterminedbyidentifyingandcountingthevariouspollengrainsfoundthere.Althoughtherelationshipbetweenvegetationandclimateisnotasdirectastherelationshipbetweenclimateandlakelevels,themethodoftenworkswellinthetemperatezones.Inaridandsemiaridregionsinwhichthereisnotmuchvegetation,however,smallchangesinoneorafewplanttypescanchangethepicturetraumatically,makingaccuratecorrelationsbetweenneighboringareasdifficulttoobtain.

8.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthedifferencebetweenmarineandcontinentalsedimentationissupportedbyinformationinthepassage?

A.Dataprovidedbydatingmarinesedimentationismoreconsistentwithresearchers’findingsinotherdisciplinesthanisdataprovidedbydatingcontinentalsedimentation.

B.Itiseasiertoestimatetheageofalayerinasequenceofcontinentalsedimentationthanitistoestimatetheageofalayerinasequenceofmarinesedimentation.

C.Marinesedimentationismuchlesswidespreadthancontinentalsedimentation

D.Marinesedimentationismuchmorecontinuousthaniscontinentalsedimentation.

9.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassageasawhole?

A.Theauthordescribesamethodfordeterminingpastclimaticconditionsandthenoffersspecificexamplesofsituationsinwhichithasbeenused.

B.Theauthordiscussesthemethodofdatingmarineandcontinentalsequencesandthenexplainshowdatingismoredifficultwithlakelevelsthanwithpollenprofiles.

C.Theauthordescribesthecommonrequirementsofmethodsfordeterminingpastclimaticconditionsandthendiscussesexamplesofsuchmethods.

D.Theauthordescribesvariouswaysofchoosingamaterialfordeterminingpastclimaticconditionsandthendiscusseshowtwosuchmethodshaveyieldedcontradictorydata.

10.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpaleoclimatologistshaveconcludedwhichofthefollowingonthebasisoftheirstudyofsnow-lineelevationsinthesouthwest6ernUnitedStates?

A.Th