框架结构外文翻译.docx

框架结构外文翻译.docx

《框架结构外文翻译.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《框架结构外文翻译.docx（10页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

框架结构外文翻译

南京工程学院毕业设计

外文资料翻译

学生姓名：

顾建祥

学号：

240095319

班级名称：

K建工ZB093

　所在院系：

康尼学院

UndergroundSpaceUtilization

Therapidgrowthofworldcivilizationwillhaveasignificantimpactonthewayhumansliveinthefuture.Astheglobalpopulationincreasesandmorecountriesdemandahigherstandardofliving,thedifficultyofdoingthisiscompoundedbythreebroadtrends:

theconversionofagriculturallandtodevelopmentuses;theincreasingurbanizationoftheworld`spopulation;andgrowingconcernforthemaintenanceandimprovementoftheenvironment,especiallyregardingglobalwarmingandtheimpactofpopulationgrowth.Undergroundspaceutilization,asthischapterdescribes,offersopportunitiesforhelpingaddressthesetrends.

Bymovingcertainfacilitiesandfunctionunderground,surfacelandinurbanareascanbeusedmoreeffectively,thusfreeingspaceforagriculturalandrecreationalpurpose.Similarly,theuseofterracedearthshelteredhousing.Usingundergroundspacealsoenableshumanstolivemorecomfortablyindenselypopulatedareaswhileimprovingthequalityoflive.

Onanurbanorlocallevel,theuseofundergroundfacilitiesisrisingtoaccommodatethecomplexdemandsoftoday`ssocietywhileimprovingtheenvironment.Forexample,bothurbanandruralareasarerequiringimprovedtransportation,utility,andrecreationalservices.Thestateoftrafficcongestioninmanyurbanareasoftheworldisatacriticallevelforthesupportofbasichumanliving,anditisdifficultifnotimpossibletoaddnewinfrastructureatgroundlevelwithoutcausinganunacceptabledeteriorationofthesurfaceenvironmentoranunacceptablerelocationofexistinglandusesandneighborhoods.

Onanationallevelincountriesaroundtheworld,globaltrendsarecausingthecreationandextensionofminingdevelopmentsandoilorgasrecoveryatgreaterdepthsandinmoreinaccessibleorsensitivelocations.Threetrendshavealsoledtothedevelopmentsofimproveddesignsforenergygenerationandstoragesystemsaswellasnationalfacilitiesfordealingwithhazardouswaste（includingchemical,biological,andradioactivewaste）,andimprovedhigh-speednationaltransportationsystems.Allthesedevelopmentsinvolveuseoftheunderground.

LandUsePressures

Placingfacilitiesundergroundisapromisingmethodforhelpingeaselandusepressurescausedbythegrowthandurbanizationoftheworld`spopulation.Althoughtheaveragepopulationdensityintheworldisnotlarge,thedistributionofpopulationisveryuneven.Amapofpopulationdensityintheworldisnotlarge,areasoftheworldareessentiallyuninhabited.Theseareasareforthemostpartdeserts,mountainousregions,orregionsofseverecoldthatdonoteasilysupporthumanhabitation.

IfoneexaminesChina,forexample,theaveragepopulationdensityisapproximately100personspersquarekilometer,butthevatmajorityoftheonebillion-pluspopulationlivesonlessthan20percentofthelandarea.thisisthefertilelandthatcansupportfoodproduction.However,duetopopulationgrowth,urbanization,andeconomicgrowth,thissamelandmustnowsupportextensivetransportationsystems,industrialandcommercialdevelopment,andincreasingdemandsforhousing,Asthepopulationandeconomygrow,thelandavailableforagricultureshrinks,andtheproblemsoftransportingfoodandrawmaterialstoanurbanpopulationincrease.Bytheyear2000itisestimatedthat70percentoftheworld`spopulationwillinhabiturbanareas.

ThesametrendareevidentinJapan,whereapproximately80percentofthelandareaismountainous,90percentofthepopulationlivesonthecoastalplains,andeconomicdevelopmentisconcentratedinrelativelyfeweconomicdevelopmentisconcentratedinrelativelyfeweconomiccenters.Theflat-lyinglandisgenerallythemostfertileandishistoricallytheregionofsettlement.Otherfactorsaddingtopopulationdensityincludethetraditionalbuildingstyle,whichislow-rise,andJapaneselawthatcontainstrongprovisionsformaintenanceofaccesstosunlight.Also,toretaindomesticfoodproductioncapability,theJapanesegovernmenthasprotectedagriculturallandfromdevelopment.Thecombinationofthesehistoricalandpoliticalfactorstogetherwithastrongmigrationofbusinessesandindividualstotheeconomiccentershascreatedenormouslandusepressure.Theresultisanastronomicallyhighcostoflandincitycenters（ashighasUS$500,00persquaremeter）anddifficultyinanprovidinghousing,transportation,andutilityservicesforthepopulation.Typicalbusinessemployeescannotaffordtolivenearthecitycenterwheretheyworkandmayhavetocommuteonetotwohourseachwayfromanaffordablearea.Toservicetheexpandingmetropolitanarea,publicagenciesmustupgraderoadsandbuildnewtransitlinesandutilizes.LandcostsforsuchworkaresohighthatincentralTokyo,thecostoflandmayrepresentover95percentofthetotalcostofaproject.

Theproblemoflandusepressuresandrelatedeconomiceffectsofhighlandpricesareofgreatinterestinthestudyofthepotentialusesofundergroundspace.Whensurfacespaceisfullyutilized,undergroundspacebecomesoneofthefewdevelopmentzonesavailable.Itoffersthepossibilityoftheaddingneededfacilitieswithoutfurtherdegradingthesurfaceenvironment.Withouthighlandprices,however,thegenerallyhighercostofconstructingfacilitiesundergroundisasignificantdeterrenttotheirenvironmental,orsocialgrounds-luxurieswhichmanydevelopingnationcannotaffordatpresentandwhichdevelopednationsarereluctanttoundertakeexceptinareasofspecialsignificance.

PlanningofUndergroundSpace

Effectiveplanningforundergroundutilizationshouldbeanessentialprecursortothedevelopmentofmajorundergroundfacilities.Thisplanningmustconsiderlong-termneedswhileprovidingaframeworkforreformingurbanareasintodesirableandeffectiveenvironmentsinwhichtoliveandwork.Ifundergrounddevelopmentistoprovidethemostvaluablelong-termbenefitpossible,theneffectivezonesbeneathpublicrights-of-wayinoldercitiesaroundtheworld.Thetangledwedofutilizescommonlyfoundisduetoalackofcoordinationandthehistoricalevolutioninutilityprovisionandtransitsystemdevelopment.

Theundergroundhasseveralcharacteristicsthatmakegoodplanningespeciallyproblematical:

●Onceundergroundexcavationsaremade,thegroundispermanentlyaltered.Undergroundstructuresarenotaseasilydismantledassurfacebuildings.

●Anundergroundexcavationmayeffectivelyalargezoneofthestabilityoftheexcavation.

●Theundergroundgeologicstructuregreatlyaffectsthetype,size,andcostsoffacilitiesthatcanbeconstructed,buttheknowledgeofaregion`scanonlybeinferredfromalimitednumberofsiteinvestigationboringsandpreviousrecords.

●Largeundergroundprojectsmayrequiremassiveinvestmentswithrelativelyhighrisksofconstructionproblem,delay,andcostoverruns.

●Traditionalplanningtechniqueshavefocusedontwo-dimensionalrepresentationsofregionsandurbanareas.Thisisgenerallyadequateforsurfaceandabovegroundconstructionbutitisnotadequateforthecomplexthree-dimensionalgeologyandbuiltstructuresoftenfoundunderground.Representationofthisthree-dimensionalinformationinaformthatcanreadilybeinterpretedforplanningandevaluationisverydifficult.

InTokyo,forexample,thefirstsubwayline（GinzaLine）wasinstalledasashallowline（10metersdeep）immediatelybeneaththeexistinglayerofsurfaceutilities.Asmoresubwaylineshavebeenadded,unclutteredzonescanonlybefoundatthedeeperundergroundlevels.ThenewKeiyoJRlineinTokyois40meterdeep.AnewundergroundsuperhighwayfromMarunouchitoShinjukuhasbeenproposedata50-meterdepth.Forcomparison,thedeepestinstallationsinLondonareatapproximatelya70-meterdepthalthoughthemaincomplexofworksandsewersisatlessthan25neters.Compoundingtheseissuesofincreasingdemandisthefactnewertransportationservices（suchastheJapaneseShinkansenbullettrainsortheFrenchTGV）ofenrequirelargercross-sectiontunnels,straighteralignments,andflattergrades.Ifspaceisnotreservedforthistypeofuse,veryinefficientlayoutsofthebeneathurbanareascanoccur.

EnvironmentalBenefits

Anothermajortriggerforundergroundspaceusageisthegrowinginternationalconcernovertheenvironment,whichhasledtoattemptstorethinkthefutureofurbanandindustrialdevelopment.Themajorconcernsinbalancingeconomicdevelopmentversusenvironmentaldegradationandworldnaturalresourcelimitationsrevolvearoundseveralkeyissues.Theseare:

●Theincreasingconsumptionofenergycomparedtothelimitedreservesoffossilfuelsavailabletomeetfuturedemand.

●Theeffectontheglobalclimateofburningfossilfuels.

●Thepollutionoftheenvironmentfromtheby-productsofindustrialdevelopment

●Thesafedisposalofhazardouswastesgeneratedbyindustrialandmilitaryactivites.

Preservingtheenvironmentfromtheby-productsofindustrialdevelopmenteconomicgrowthandmaintainingindividuallifestyleswillbecomplexifnotimpossible.However,ahighstandardoflivingandhighgrossdomesticproductdonothavetobeproportionatelydependentonresourceconsumptionandenvironmentaldegradation.

Undergroundspaceutilizationcanhelpsolvetheenvironmental/resourcedilemmainseveralways.Undergroundfacilitiesaretypicallyenergyconservingintheirownright.Moreimportantly,byusingadditiontotheobviousbenefitofpreservinggreenspaceandagriculturalland,thereisstrongevi