高考英语真题分类汇编专题09说明文类阅读理解.docx

高考英语真题分类汇编专题09说明文类阅读理解.docx

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高考英语真题分类汇编专题09说明文类阅读理解

2019年高考英语真题分类汇编专题09：

说明文类阅读理解

一、阅读理解（共8题）

1.（2019•北京）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

   Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.

   Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms（海洋微生物）calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.

   Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxide（二氧化碳）intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarboninthedeepocean,animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.

   StephanieDutkiewicz,ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChangeScience,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃,itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener."Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging."shesaid,"butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging."

（1）Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?

A. Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.B. Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.

C. Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.D. Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.

（2）Whatdoestheunderlinedword"vulnerable"inParagraph3probablymean?

A. Sensitive                      

B. Beneficial                      

C. Significant                      

D. Unnoticeable

（3）Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A. Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.

B. Dutkiewicz'smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchanges

C. Phytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimate

D. Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.

（4）Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

A. ToassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchangesB. Toanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchain

C. ToexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceansD. Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton

2.（2019•北京）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

   Wanttoexplorenewcultures,meetnewpeopleanddosomethingworthwhileatthesametime?

YoucandoallthethreewithGlobalDevelopmentAssociation（GDA）.Whateverstageoflifeyou'reat,whereveryougoandwhateverprojectyoudoinGDA,you'llcreatepositivechangesinapoorandremotecommunity（社区）.

   Weworkwithvolunteersofallagesandbackgrounds.Mostofourvolunteersareaged17-24.Nowweneedvolunteermanagersaged25-75.Theyareextremelyimportantinthesafeandeffectiverunningofourprogrammes.Wehavesuchrolesasprojectmanagers,mountainleaders,andcommunicationofficers.

   Dependingonwhichroleyouchoose,youcouldhelptoincreaseacommunity'saccesstosafedrinkingwater,orhelptoprotectvaluablelocalcultures.Youmightalsodesignanadventurechallengetotrainyoungvolunteers.

   Notonlywillyouhelpouryoungvolunteerstodeveloppersonally,you'llalsolearnnewskillsandincreaseyourculturalawareness.Youmayhavechancestomeetnewpeoplewho'llbecomeyourlifelongfriends.

   Thissummerwehaveboth4-weekand7-weekprogrammes:

Country

Schedule

4-weekprogrammes

7-weekprogrammes

Algeria

5Jul.-1Aug.

20Jun.-7Aug.

Egypt

24Jul-20Aug.

19Jun.-6Aug.

Kenya

20Jul.-16Aug.

18Jun.-5Aug.

SouthAfrica

2Aug.-29Aug.

15Jun.-2Aug.

   GDAensuresthatvolunteersworkwithcommunitymembersandlocalprojectpartnerswhereourhelpisneeded.Allourprojectsaimtopromotethedevelopmentofpoorandremotecommunities.

   ThereisnootherchancelikeaGDAprogramme.Joinusasavolunteermanagertodevelopyourownskillswhilebringingbenefitstothecommunities.

   FindoutmoreaboutjoiningaGDAprogramme:

   Website:

www.glodeve.org

   Email:

humanresources@glodeve.org

（1）TheprogrammebeginninginAugustwilloperatein________.

A. Egypt                             

B. Algeria                             

C. Kenya                             

D. SouthAfria

（2）ThesharedgoalofGDA'sprojectsto________.

A. explorenewculturesB. protecttheenvironmentC. gaincorporatebenefitD. helpcommunitiesinneed

（3）Whatisthemainresponsibilityofvolunteermanagers?

A. ToseeklocalpartnersB. Totakeinyoungvolunteers

C. TocarryoutprogrammesD. Tofosterculturalawareness

（4）TheprogrammebeginninginAugustwilloperatein________.

A. Egypt                             

B. Algeria                             

C. Kenya                             

D. SouthAfria

（5）ThesharedgoalofGDA'sprojectsto________.

A. explorenewculturesB. protecttheenvironment

C. gaincorporatebenefitD. helpcommunitiesinneed

3.（2019•江苏）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

   Whateveryourageorinterests,Buxtonhassomethingtoseeordotomakeyourvisittrulymemorable.

Highenergy

   Ifyoudesirephysicalactivities,youcanchooseactivitiesfromswimmingtohorseriding.ExploretheheightswithGoApe,thehighwireforestadventurecourse,orjourneybeneaththeearthatPoole'sCavern.Anddon'tforget:

wearesurroundedbyanaturalplaygroundjustperfectforwalking,caving,climbingandcycling.

Highminded

   Buxtonisjustifiablyproudofitsculturallifeandyou'llfindmuchtosuitalltasteswithart,music,operaandtheperformingartsatBuxtonOperaHouse&PavilionArtsCentreandGreenManGallery.Thereareplentyofopportunitiesforthecreativepersontobecomeinvolved,includingworkshopsandevents.

Keepingthekidshappy

   ChildrenlovethesmalltrainandplaygroundsinthePavilionGardensandthere'splentymoretoexploreattheBuxtonMuseum.There'sanewindoorplaycentre,plusthespecialeventsandworkshops,andothersduringschoolholidayperiods

（1）Ifyouwanttotakeanundergounldjourney,whichplaceisthebestchoice?

A. Pole'sCaven.         

B. PavilionGardens.         

C. BuxtonMuseum.         

D. GreenManGallery.

（2）BuxtonOpenHouse&PavilionArtsCentreisspecialbecauseitoffers________.

A. ridesinsmalltrains                                          

B. coursesinmodcmarts

C. artisticandculturalactivities                          

D. basiccoursesinhorseriding

4.（2019•天津）阅读理解

   Howdoesanecosystem（生态系统）work?

Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?

Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?

Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.

   Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator（掠食动物）alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey（猎物）,thetwospeciesarestronglylinked;whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction（灭绝）ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.

   Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies---includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.

   Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.

   Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,scientistssaysbecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint（临界点）,itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.

（1）Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs？

A. Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.

B. Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.

C. Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.

D. Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.

（2）Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator______.

A. hasawidefoodchoice                                    B. caneasilyfindnewprey

C. stickstoonepreyspecies                                

D. canquicklymovetoanotherplace

（3）Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline？

A.