MLA论文写作教案.docx

MLA论文写作教案.docx

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MLA论文写作教案

ChapteroneResearchandWriting

教学目标：

了解研究的步骤

重点难点：

掌握研究每个步骤的内容

计划课时：

4个

1.1THERESEARCHPAPERASAFORMOFEXPLORATION

探究式研究

Theresearchpaperisgenerallybasedonprimaryresearch,secondaryresearch,oracombinationofthetwo.Primaryresearchisthestudyofasubjectthroughfirsthandobservationandinvestigation,suchasanalyzingaliteraryorhistoricaltext,afilm,oraperformance;conductingasurveyoraninterview;orcarryingoutalaboratoryexperiment.Primarysourcesincludestatisticaldata,historicaldocuments,andworksofliteratureorart.Secondaryresearchistheexaminationofstudiesthatotherresearchershavemadeofasubject.Examplesofsecondarysourcesarebooksandarticlesaboutpoliticalissues,historicalevents,scientificdebates,orliteraryworks.

Researchincreasesyourknowledgeandunderstandingofasubject.Sometimesresearchwillconfirmyourideasandopinions;sometimesitwillchallengeandmodifythem.Butalmostalwaysitwillhelptoshapeyourthinking.Unlessyourinstructorspecificallydirectsyouotherwise,aresearchpapershouldnotmerelyreviewpublicationsandextractaseriesofquotationsfromthem.Rather,youshouldlookforsourcesthatprovidenewinformation,thathelpfullysurveythevariouspositionsalreadytakenonaspecificsubject,thatlendauthoritytoyourviewpoint,thatexpandornuanceyourideas,thatoffermethodsormodesofthoughtyoucanapplytonewdataorsubjects,orthatfurnishnegativeexamplesagainstwhichyouwishtoargue.Asyouuseandscrupulouslyacknowledgesources,however,alwaysrememberthatthemainpurposeofdoingresearchisnottosummarizetheworkofothersbuttoassimilateandtobuildonitandtoarriveatyourownunderstandingofthesubject.

1.2THERESEARCHPAPERASAFORMOFWRITING

写作式研究

Aresearchpaperisaformofwrittencommunication.Likeotherkindsofnonfictionwriting—letters,memos,reports,essays,articles,books—itshouldpresentinformationandideasclearlyandeffectively.Youshouldnotletthemechanicsofgatheringsourcematerials,takingnotes,anddocumentingsourcesmakeyouforgettoapplytheknowledgeandskillsyouhaveacquiredthroughpreviouswritingexperiences.

1.3SELECTINGATOPIC选择研究主题

Ingeneral,then,giveyourselfplentyoftimetothink,throughandrethinkyourchoiceofatopic.Lookforasubjectoranissuethatwillcontinuetoengageyouthroughoutresearchandwriting.Preliminaryreadingisessentialinevaluatingtopics.Consultsomegeneralreferenceworks,suchasencyclopedias,aswellasbooksandarticlesintheareasyouareconsidering.Beforesettlingonafinaltopic,makesureyouunderstandtheamountanddepthofresearchrequiredandthetypeofpaperexpected.Ifnecessary,yourinstructorcanclarifytheassignmentorhelpyouchooseatopic.

1.4CONDUCTINGRESEARCH

进行研究

1.

1.1.

1.2.

1.3.

1.4.

1.4.1.TheModemAcademicLibrary

Manylibrarieshaveprogramsoforientationandinstructiontomeettheneedsofallstudents,frombeginningresearcherstograduatestudents.Askaboutintroductorypamphletsorhandbooks,guidedtours,lectures,andcoursesonusingthelibrary.Besuretotakefulladvantageoftheservicesyourlibraryprovides.

Nearlyallpublicandacademiclibrarieshavedesksstaffedbyprofessionalreferencelibrarianswhocantellyouaboutavailableinstructionalprogramsandhelpyoulocatesources.Consultingalibrarianatkeypointsinyourresearchmaysaveyouconsiderabletimeandeffort.Oftenlibrariansalsoprepareandhandoutinformativebulletinsthatdescribelibraryresourcesandservices.

1.4.2.TheCentralInformationSystem

Atypicalacademiclibraryprovidesanonlinecentralinformationsystemtoservestudentsandfacultymembersengagedinresearch.Thesystemordinarilyincludesthelibrary'scatalogofholdings（books,serials,electronicpublications,audiovisualmaterials,andsoforth;see1.4.4）;incorporatesanumberofbibliographicdatabases,suchasNationalNewspaperIndex,Readers'GuidetoPeriodicalLiterature,BusinessPeriodicalsIndex.HumanitiesIndex,SocialSciencesIndex,andGeneralScienceIndex,andotherkindsofreferenceworkslikethosediscussedinthenextsection;andoftenpermitsaccesstootherelectronicresources,includingthefulltextsofsources,availableattheschoolorovertheInternet（see1.4.6onusingtheInternetforresearch）,Acentralinformationsystemmightalsobepartofanetworklinkingthecatalogsofanumberoflibraries.Forinstance,thesysteminyourschoolmightpermityoutosearchtheholdingsoflocalpubliclibrariesorofotherschools.IfyourlibraryispartofanetworksuchastheOnlineComputerLibraryCenter（OCLC）ortheResearchLibrariesInformationNetwork（RLINJ,youmaybeabletolocatesourcesrecordedinthecatalogsofthousandsofotherlibraries.

1.4.3.ReferenceWorks参考文献

Ausefulwaytobeginaresearchprojectistoconsultrelevantreferenceworks.Somereferenceworks,likeindexesandbibliographies.providedataaboutresearchmaterials;others,likeencyclopedias,dictionaries,andbiographicalsources,givebasicinformationaboutsubjects.Thissectionprovidesabriefintroductiontotherangeofgeneralandspecializedreferenceworksyoushouldknowabout,manyofwhichareavailableinbothprintandelectronicforms.Foramorecomprehensivelistingbysubjectarea,seeappendixA.

a.TypesofReferenceWorks

Indexes,Indexesguideyoutomaterialinnewspapers,magazines,andjournalsaswellastowritingsinbookcollections.TheNewYorkTimesIndexlistsnewsstoriesandfeaturearticlesintheNewYorkTimes.NationalNewspaperIndexcoverstheChristianScienceMonitor,LosAngelesTimes,NewYorkTimes,WallStreetJournal,andWashingtonPost.CanadianNewsIndexprovidescitationstothemajornewspapersinCanada.Readers'GuidetoPeriodicalLiteratureindexesthecontentsofpopularmagazines.EssayandGeneralLiteratureIndexlistsessaysandarticlespublishedinbooks.Mostsubjectareashavetheirownspecializedindexes,suchasArtIndex,BusinessPeriodicalsIndex,EducationIndex,GeneralScienceIndex,HumanitiesIndex,IndextoLegalPeriodicals,Philosopher'sIndex,andSocialSciencesIndex.

Bibliographies.Bibliographiesarelistsofrelatedpublicationsandothermaterials.Serial bibliographiesinspecificdisciplinesincludeBibliographyofAgriculture,BibliographyandIndexofGeology,andMLAInternationalBibliography（forthefieldoflanguageandliterature）.BibliographicIndexcontainscitationstobibliographiesthatarepublishedasbooksorpamphlets,aspartsofhooks,orinperiodicals.（Forsamplecitationsfromabibliography,see1.4.3c.）

Collectionsofabstracts.Abstractsaresummariesofjournalarticlesandotherliterature.CollectionsofabstractsincludeBiologicalAbstracts,ChemicalAbstracts,HistoricalAbstracts,LinguisticsandLanguageBehaviorAbstracts,PhysicsAbstracts,PsychologicalAbstracts,andSociologicalAbstracts.SummariesofdoctoraldissertationsareavailableinDissertationAbstractsInternational.

Guidestoresearch.Thereareguidesintendedtodirectyoutothemostimportantsourcesofinformationandscholarshipintheareayouareresearching.Whereasindexes,bibliographies,andcollectionsofabstractstendtostriveforcomprehensivenessandobjectivityinpresentinginformation,guidestoresearchareusuallyselectiveandevaluative.Someresearchguidescoverentirefields,suchasJamesLHarner'sLiteraryResearchGuide（3rded.[NewYork:

MLA,1998]）;othersimilarworkshavetitleslikeAGuidetotheLiteratureofArtiHistory,AGuidetotheLiteratureofPharmacyandthePharmaceuticalSciences,andPhilosophy:

AGuidetotheReferenceLiterature.Someguidestoresearcharedevotedtospecificsubjects（e.g.,TheEnglishRomanticPoets:

AReviewofResearchandCriticism）.Tolearnofanyguidesthatmightbeusefultoyourproject,consultthelatesteditionoftheAmericanLibraryAssociation'sGuidetoReferenceBooksoryourinstructororalibrarian.

Dictionaries.Dictionariesarealphabeticallyarrangedworksthatprovideinformation,usuallyinconciseform,aboutwordsortopics.TwoofthemostauthoritativedictionariesofwordsareWebster'sThirdNewInternationalDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguageand,especiallyforthehistoryofaword'smeaningsandusages,TheOxfordEnglishDictionary.Majorfieldsofstudyhavespecializeddictionaries,suchasADictionaryofBotany,ComputerDictionary,Black'sLawDictionary,Borland'sIllustratedMedicalDictionary,TheNewGroveDictionaryofMusicandMusicians,ADictionaryofPhilosophy,TheInterpreter'sDictionaryoftheBible,andADictionaryoftheSocialSciences.

Encyclopedias,Encyclopediasareworks,usuallyalphabeticallyarranged,thatgiveintroductoryinformationaboutsubjects.PopulargeneralencyclopediasareAcademicAmericanEncyclopedia,TheEncyclopediaAmericana,andTheNewEncyclopediaBritannica.SpecializedencyclopediasincludeEncyclopediaofWorldArt,EncyclopediaofEconomics,TheFilmEncyclopedia,AnEncyclopediaofWorldHistory,TheNewPrincetonEncyclopediaofPoetryandPoetics,EncyclopediaofPsychology,andMcGraw-HillEncyclopediaofScienceandTechnology.

Biographicalsources.InformationonlivingpersonsiscollectedinCurrentBiography,TheInternationalWho'sWho,andWho'sWhoinAmerica.SourcesforpersonsnolongerlivingareAmericanNationalBiography（fortheUnitedStates）,DictionaryofCanadianBiography,DictionaryofNationalBiography（forGreatBritain）,andWebster'sNewBiographicalDictionary.

Yearbooks.Yearbookspresentinformationaboutspecificyearsinthepast.ExamplesareTheAmericanaAnnua