英汉互译练习.docx

英汉互译练习.docx

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英汉互译练习

英译汉40篇：

1.Quittingsmokingismoreofamatterofwillpowerthanofindividualchoice,forsmokingiswidelyrecognizedasaddictive.Althoughcounselingandmedicationcanincreasetheoddsthatasmokerquitspermanently,thebestwaytoavoiddilemmasisnevertotakeupsmokingtobeginwith.

Theirreversibleeffectsofcigarettesmokingvaryinintensityandarerelatedbothtotheamountanddurationofexposureandtheageatwhichthepersonisinitiallyexposed.Thisreportchallengesthenotionthatafewyearsofexposuretosmokingwillhavenolastingharmfulconsequences.Wehopetodiscouragethisprevalentbutvitalhabitandsuggestthattobacco-relatedhealtheffectsdeclinesubstantiallyastimeawayfromsmokingincreases.

2.Thisbookderivesfromdecadesofteachinginvariousschoolsacrossthecountry.Itisbasedonthebeliefthatphilosophyisagenuinelyexcitingsubject,accessiblenotonlytogiftedundergraduatemajorsbuttoeveryone.Everyoneisaphilosopher,whetherenrolledinaphilosophicalcourseornot.Thedifferenceisthatsomeonewhohasstudiedphilosophysystematicallyhastheadvantageofhavingencounteredstrongerandmorevariedargumentsthanmighthavebeenavailableotherwise.Whatisspecialaboutthisbookisthatitoffersintroductorystudentstheopportunityofhavingdirectcontactwithsubstantialreadingsfromsignificantbooksonphilosophy,butwithouttheunreasonabledemandthattheyconfrontthesebooksinfull,whichareoftenincomprehensible.

3.Socialprogresshasdoneawaywiththeneedforbackbreakingworkandhasprovidedtimeandleisureforpersonalitydevelopment.Withit,indeedbecauseofit,todaythemiddle-classfamilyexpectseachofitsmemberstodevelophisuniquepersonality,andsodoeseachindividual,moreorless,himself.Thisnewobligationofthefamilytoprovideasettingforthedevelopmentofauniquepersonalitymakesfamilyconsensusextremelydifficult,ifnotimpossible.Nothingismoreproblematicforasmallgroupofquitedifferent,uniqueindividualsthantoliveinclosequarters,incloseharmonywitheachother.Besides,thenecessityofcultivatingteenagers’moralcharacteraddstothedifficultyinparenting.

4.Oneoftheunintendedconsequencesoftheglobalizationisthatitputsdifferentsocietiesandculturesinmuchgreaterdirectcontactwithoneanother.Itconnectspeopletopeoplemuchfasterthanpeopleandculturescanoftenpreparethemselves.Someculturesthriveonthesuddenopportunitiesforcollaborationthatthisglobalintimacymakespossible.Othersarefrustrated,andevenhumiliatedbythisclosecontact,which,amongotherthings,makesiteasyforpeopletoseewheretheystandintheworldinrelationtoeveryoneelse.Allofthishelpstoaccountfortheemergenceofoneofthemostdevastatingforcestoday–terroristorganizationswhichhavenoregardforhumanlivesandwhichitisinourbestinteresttowipeout.

5.Inthisbook,weofferadvicethatwehopewillseemreasonableandworthseriousconsideration.Butasanyexperiencedwriterknows,thereareoccasionswheneventhebestadvicemaynotapply.Thedemandsofwritingfordifferentaudiences,withdifferentpurposes,ondifferentsubjects,atdifferentlevelsofformalityaresovariedthattheycannotbegintobeanticipatedinabooklikethis,andwerecognizethatwhatisappropriateforonepieceofwritingmaynotbeappropriateforanother.Inmostcases,youwillhavetoavoidambiguityatallcostssoasnottoleaveyourwordsopentomisinterpretation.

6.Whendominantinnovatorsinasciencerespondtothechallengeofasituationthatdemandssomechangeinitspractice,thismaytakeanumberofforms,andrivalschoolsmaygrowuparounddifferentleadersrespondingdifferentlytoaparticularsituation.Theserivalriesmaybereinforcedandperpetuatedbytheuseofstandardtextbooks.Anyempiricalsciencemustbeabletocopewithitsownphenomena,andonceanyobservationisacceptedasrelevant,itstheoryandmodesofdescriptionandanalysismustbeabletohandleitwithscientificadequacy,ofwhichexhaustiveness,consistency,economyarebasicprinciples.Theextensionofasciencetonewbutrelevantfieldsmayrequirethefurtherelaborationandpresentationofexistingtheoryalongpreviously-followedlines.

7.Changesanddevelopmentsinasciencearedeterminedbyanumberofcauses.Everysciencegrowsfromitspast,andthestatereachedinapreviousgenerationprovidesthestartingpointforthenext.Butnoscienceiscarriedoninavacuum,withoutreferencetoorcontactwithothersciencesandthegeneralatmosphereforlearning.Scientistsandmenoflearningarealsomenoftheirageandcountry,andtheycan’tliveindependentoftheculture.Besidesitsownpast,thecourseofscienceisalsoaffectedbythesocialcontextofitscontemporaryworldandtheintellectualpremisesinit.Applicationsofthescienceandtheexpectationsthatothershaveofitmaybeaveryimportantdeterminantofthedirectionofitsgrowthandchanges.

8.Humanprogressisgreatlyacceleratedbytheuseoflanguageinculturaltransmission;theknowledgeandexperienceacquiredbyaparticularpersoncanbepassedontoanotherinlanguage,sothatnoamountofdemonstrationcanreplacetheroleoflanguage.Inthisconnectiontheimportanceoftheinventionofprintingcanneverbeexaggerated.Atthepresenttimetheachievementsofanyoneinanypartoftheworldcanbemadeavailableandaccessibletoanyoneelseabletoreadandcapableofunderstandingwhatisinvolved.Fromtheseusesoflanguage,spokenandwritten,themostdevelopedanimalcommunicationsystem,thoughgiventhecourtesytitleoflanguage,isworldsaway.

9.（2010.01）Thereasonfornotclassifyingcarbondioxideasapollutantisthatitisanaturalcomponentoftheatmosphereandneededbyplantstocarryoutbiologicalsynthesis.NoonewouldarguethatcarbondioxideisanecessarycomponentoftheatmosphereanymorethanonewouldarguethefactthatVitaminDisnecessaryinthehumandiet.However,excessintakeofVitaminDcanbeextremelytoxic.Livingsystems,betheyanecosystemoranorganism,requirethatadelicatebalancebemaintainedbetweencertaincompoundsinorderforthesystemtofunctionnormally.Whentheexcesspresenceofonesubstancethreatensthewellbeingofanecosystem,itbecomestoxicdespitethefactthatitisrequiredinsmallquantities.

10.Onsomeoccasionsitisimportanttoadheretotheconventionsthatcharacterizeseriouspublicdiscourseandtoavoidexpressionsthatmightbeusedinmorecasualsituations.AmongthefeaturesofformalEnglisharethecarefulexplanationofbackgroundinformation,complexityinsentencestructure,explicittransitionsbetweenthoughts,andtheuseofcertainwordsthatarereservedchieflyforcreatingaformaltone.Situationsthatnormallyrequireformalusagewouldincludeanarticlediscussingaseriousmattersubmittedtoarespectedjournal,anofficialreportbyagroupofresearcherstoagovernmentbody,atalkpresentedtoaprofessionalorganization,andaletterofjobapplication.

11.TheMicrosoft’srisetoprominencesetoffanexplosionindemandforallthingsdigitalandsparkedtheInternetboom,becauseeveryinvestorlookedattheInternetandconcludedthatifeverythingwasgoingtobedigitized–data,inventories,commerce,booksandentertainment–andtransportedandsoldontheInternet,thedemandforInternet-basedproductsandserviceswouldbeinfinite.Thisledtothedot-comstockbubbleandamassiveoverinvestmentinthefiber-opticcableneededtocarryallthenewdigitalinformation.Asaresult,somecompaniesbecamebankruptandsomewerestrugglingtostayinbusiness.Keepinmindthatcyberspacepromisesbothopportunitiesandhighrisks.

12.Thepurchaseprocessisinitiatedwhenaconsumerbecomesawareofaneed.ThisawarenessmaystemfromaninternalsourcesuchasstarvationoranexternalsourcesuchasTVcommercialsorpromotions.Awarenessofsuchaneedmotivatestheconsumertosearchforinformationaboutoptionswithwhichtofulfilltheneed.Thisinformationisavailablefromvariedsources.Oncealternativeshavebeenidentifiedthroughthesesources,consumersevaluatetheoptions,payingparticularattentiontothoseattributestheconsumerconsidersvital.Toattractmoreregularcustomers,manycompaniescontinuetocommunicatewiththeircustomersafterapurchaseinanefforttoinfluencepost-purchasesatisfactionandbehavior.

13.Tosurvive,humansneedfood,clothesandshelter.Therearethreewayshumanactivitiesendangerotherspecies:

bykillingoffanimalsdirectly,introducingforeignspeciesintotheirhabitatandbydestroyingtheirnaturalhabitats.Onereasonforpreservinglife-formsisthateachofthemoccupiesaspecialplacewithinitsecosystem-thecommunityofplantandanimallife,incombinationwiththenonlivingcomponentsofitsenvironment.Manymethodsofpreservingendangeredspeciesarebeingpracticedworldwide,involvinglegislation,protectionofindividualspecies,promotionofecologicallysounddevelopment,supporttoscientificinvestigation,encouragementofeffectiveconservationactivities,monitoringoftheinternationalwildlifetradeandinfluenceonpublicopinionandguidelinesofgovernmentsandprivateinstitutions.

14.Desertificationisaccomplishedprimarilythroughthelossofstabilizingnaturalvegetationandthesubsequentacceleratedsoilerosion.Insomecases,theloosesoilisblowncompletelyaway,leavingastonysurface.Inothercases,thefinerparticlesmayberemoved,whilethesand-sizedparticlesareaccumulatedtoformmobilehillsorridgesofsand.