高中英语语法定语从句总结全.docx

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高中英语语法定语从句总结全.docx

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高中英语语法定语从句总结全.docx

高中英语语法定语从句总结全

高中英语定语从句详解

Ⅰ.概念:

(1)定语从句:

在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。

定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。

(2)先行词:

被定语从句修饰的成份。

先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。

(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。

关系词的作用:

1)引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词;

2)必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语)

常用的关系代词:

that、which、who、whom、whose,当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时,关系代词可以省略。

常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语):

when(时间状语)、why(原因状语)、where(地点状语)

可以修饰人的关系代词:

that,who,whom,whose

可以修饰事的关系代词:

that,which,as,whose,

ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.

Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.

Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.

I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacesthesea.

定语从句三步:

第一找出先行词;

第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语、表语或状语);

第三选择合适的关系词。

Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法:

●that:

可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。

(指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如:

1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主语)

2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?

3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.(宾语)

4.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?

5.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.

6.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.(表语)

7.Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.

(=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.

=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe。

=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.)

●which:

指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语。

如:

1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.(主语)

2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.(宾语)

●who,whom,whose:

who:

主格,在从句中作主语,只可指人

whom:

宾格,在从句中只能作宾语;只可指人

whose:

表所属关系,在从句中作定语。

译为:

某人的,某物的

whose+名词=the+n.+ofwhich(某物的)

the+n.+ofwhom(某人的)

Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.(主语)

Theboy(that/who/whom)wesawyesterdayisTom.

Iknowthegirlwhosefatherisateacher.

(whosefather=thefatherofwhom)

Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(指人)

(whoseparents=theparentsofwhom)

I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.(指物)

(whosewindow=thewindowofwhich)

关系代词作介词宾语(在定语从句中,介词提前时,介词后:

表人用whom;表物用which)

关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.(介词前置,必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。

关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末.)

Theman(whom/who/that)mymotheristalkingwithisMrBlack.

=ThemanwithwhommymotheristalkingisMrBlack.

Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.

=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.

DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands?

=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?

Thelibraryfromwhichwecanborrowbooksisverybig.

ThisisthebookaboutwhichItoldyoujustnow.

●as的用法:

(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)

①如为限制性的,多用于thesame…as;thesameas(与……相同);such…as…(如此,这样);asmany/muchas(和……一样多);so/as…as(与……一样)等结构中。

如:

※Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。

Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表语,先行词是same.)

.---Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?

---Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.

Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.

Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.

Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.

比较:

Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.

I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.

比较:

Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.(定语从句)

Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.(结果状语从句)

②如为非限制性的,as还可以单独引导一个定语从句,代替整个主句,这种定语从句可置于句首,句中或句尾,译为"正如,这一点"。

(动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.)

Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作宾语)

=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作主语)

众所周知:

Asweallknow,

It’swell-know(tousall)that…

=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.

=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.(as作宾语)

=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.

Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(宾语,先行词是前面整个句子)

Ⅲ.关系副词(when,where,why)引导的定语从句,它们后面的句子完整,只缺状语,它们都可以等于介词+which,其中why只等于forwhich.

●When指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。

其先行词是表时间的名词(如:

time,day,week,tear,month,etc.)

HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.

Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.

注意:

先行词为"时间名词",可用when引导定语从句,when在定语从句中作状语;还可以用which或that引导,which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。

比较:

Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.(作状语)

Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.(作谓语spent的宾语)

Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,willbeexciting.(宾语)

IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouⅤwaslaunched.

Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.

●Where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。

其先行词是表示地点的名词,如:

place,school,factory,room,etc.

ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.

Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.

注意:

先行词是"地点名词",定语从句可用where引导,还可用which或that引导,which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。

比较:

※Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.(作状语)

Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.(作宾语)

·Why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。

先行词为reason时,可用forwhich指代;当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that引导。

如:

Thereasonwhy+定语从句isthat+表语从句(……的原因是……)

Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tcometoschoolwasthathewasill.

Idon'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.(作宾语)

Heaskedmethereasonthatcanexplainmysuccess.(作主语)

Hewaslate.That'sbecausehegotuplate.

(That’sbecause+原因)那是因为……

Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.(表语从句)

(That’swhy+结果)那是……的原因

(thereason)why/forwhichhewaslate.(定语从句)

当先行词为way时,定语从句常用that,inwhich,或省略引导词

way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。

但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that引导。

如:

Thisistheway(that)/(inwhich)Idosuchthings.

比较:

Pleasedotheexperimentintheway(that/which)Ihaveshownyou.

Ⅳ.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:

1.形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。

2.语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that.

3.语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。

ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。

Beijing,(whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,)isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都,它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。

4.翻译时,限制性定语从句可译为一句(较短的一般译为"的"字结构);而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。

(见上句翻译)

比较:

Hehasasister,whoisamusician.

Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.

引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词,指人时用who,whom,whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when,where,why,etc.

1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.(which代替整个前面整个主句)

2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.

3.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.

4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.

Ⅴ.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:

●that&which:

在定语从句中,which和that在指代事物时,一般可以互换使用,但并非在任何情况下都是这样,这里介绍宜用that,而不宜用which的情况.

只能用that的情况:

①先行词为much,little,none,all,few,every(thing),any(thing),no(thing),theone等不定代词或受其修饰时;

1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.

2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.

3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?

②先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时;

1.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.

2.That'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.

比较*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.

*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.

③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时,包括thelast,thenext;

1.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake.

2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.

④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时;

1.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.

2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.

⑤先行词既有人又有物,只用that.如:

1.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.

2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.

⑥被修饰词为数词时.

1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.

⑦如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。

Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.

⑧主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时,关系代词宜用that,以避免重复。

1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?

2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?

⑨主句是Therebe结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.如:

1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.

⑩先行词在从句中做表语时

1.Heisnottheyoungmanthathewas30yearsago.

2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.

定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况:

①当关系代词的前面有介词时.

1.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.

2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?

②在非限制性定语从句中.

1.Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.

2.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry.(which指代主句)

③在一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.

1.Letmeshowyouthenovel,thatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.

2.AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelpmetopassthetimeonthetrainandwhichIcouldpassontootherswhenIfinishedthem.

④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.

1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.

⑤先行词本身是that,宜用which.

What'sthatwhichsheislookingat?

⑥先行词是those+复数名词.

Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.

●as&which:

as&which引导非限制性定语从句的区别:

①位置的不同:

Which(放句中)引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后;as位置较灵活,也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面;插在句子中或放在句子后。

如:

1.Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.

2.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.或Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.

或Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.

②先行词的不同:

as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;

which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词,一个短语或一个句子。

Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(先行词是一个词)

Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.

Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.

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