Linguistics胡壮麟语言学教程语言学复习资料.docx

Linguistics胡壮麟语言学教程语言学复习资料.docx

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Linguistics胡壮麟语言学教程语言学复习资料

Chapterone

Introduction

一、定义

1.语言学Linguistics

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.普通语言学GeneralLinguistics

ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.

3.语言language

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征DesignFeatures

Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性（创造性）Duality双重性Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化传递

5.语言能力Competence（抽象）

Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

6.语言运用performance（具体）

Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。

7.历时语言学Diachroniclinguistics

Thestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

8.共时语言学Synchronicallinguistics

Thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.

9.语言langue（抽象）

Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

10.言语parole（具体）

Therealizationoflangueinactualuse.

11.规定性Prescriptive

Itaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectbehavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.

12.描述性Descriptive

Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

二、知识点

1.Languageisnotanisolatedphenomenon,it’sasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsocialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.

语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。

2.几种观点和现象的提出者：

⑴瑞士语言学家F.deSaussure:

Langue和parole的区别

⑵美国语言学家N.Chomsky:

in1950针对Saussure’slangue&parole提出Competence和Performance.

⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家

Sapir---languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicationideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.

Hall----languageistheinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.

Chomsky---fromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.

⑷美国语言学家CharlesHockett:

提出了语言的识别特征designfeatures

3.Theword“language”precededbythezero-article,itimpliesthatlinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage.Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。

4.Inordertodiscoverthenatureoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,whatthelinguistshastodofirstiftostudylanguagefacts.

5.Languageisacomplicatedentitywithmultiplelayersandfacts,soit'shardlypossibleforthelinguisticstodealwithitallatonce.

6.Firstdrewtheattentionofthelinguistswerethesoundsusedinlanguages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。

三、问答题

1.Whataremajorbranchesoflinguistics?

Whatdoeseachstudy?

Phonetics----it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.

Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.

Morphology---It’sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

Syntax-------it’sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.

Semantics---It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.

Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.

Sociolinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.

Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.

Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.

2.Whydowesaylanguageisarbitrary?

Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthesoundsthatpeopleuseandtheobjectstowhichthesesoundsrefer.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage,it’sonlyourtacitagreementofutteranceandconceptatworkandnotanyinnaterelationshipboundupintheutterance.Atypicalexampletoillustratethe‘arbitrariness’oflanguageis“arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”.

3.Whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。

Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Itisbasedon‘high’writtenlanguage.传统语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。

4.ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?

Why?

Modernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-daylanguage.Unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。

除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。

5.Whichenjoyspriorityinmodernlinguistics,speechorwritings?

Speechenjoyspriorityinmodernlinguisticsforthefollowingreasons:

⑴Speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution.⑵Alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechthaninwriting.⑶Speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage.

6.HowisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky’s?

BothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.Theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemforseriousstudy.ThetwolinguistsideadifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguage,Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.

7.Thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole?

⑴Langueisabstract,relativelystable⑵paroleisconcrete,variesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationtosituation.

ChapterTwoPhonology

一、定义

1.宽式音标Broadtranscription

Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.

2.窄式音标Narrowtranscription

Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.

3.清音Voiceless

Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.

4.浊音Voicing

Soundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.

5.元音Vowel

Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.

6.辅音Consonants

Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.

7.音位Phoneme

Thebasicunitinphonology,it’sacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

8.音位变体Allophones

Differentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

9.音素phone

Aphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,it’saspeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.

10.最小对立对Minimalpair

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

11.超切分特征Suprasegmentalfeatures

Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.Themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonationandtone.

12.互补分布complementarydistribution

Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

13.语言的语音媒介Phonicmediumoflanguage

Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.在人类交际中有着一定意义、对语言学研究来说举足轻重。

有限的声音是语音媒介。

14.爆破音stops

Whenaobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledastoporaplosive.theyare[b][p][t][d][k][g]

二、知识点

1.Statisticsresultingfromcarefulinvestigationsshowthattherehavebeenover5,000languagesintheworld,abouttwothirdsofwhichhavenothadwrittenform.

2.Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismorebasicthanwriting.

3.Phonetic组成

⑴Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学longestestablished,mostlydeveloped⑵Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学⑶Acousticphonetics声学语音学

4.ArticulatoryApparatus/OrgansofSpeech

Pharyngealcavity–咽腔Oralcavity–口腔greatestsourceofmodificationofairstreamfoundhereNasalcavity–鼻腔

5.Thetongueisthemostflexible,responsibleformorevarietiesofarticulationthananyother,theextremebackofthetonguecanberaisedtowardstheuvulaandaspeechsoundcanbethusproducedasisusedinArabicandFrench.

6.Obstructionbetweenthebackofthetongueandthevelararearesultsinthepronunciationof[k]and[g],thenarrowingofspacebetweenthehardpalateandthefrontofthetongueleadstothesound[j];theobstructioncreatedbetweenthetipofthetongueandthealveolarridgeresultsinthesounds[t]and[d].

7.Nasalconsonants:

[m]/[n]/[η]

8.APhoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.

9.Sequentialrules例子

Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthreerules:

⑴thefirstphonememustbe/s/⑵thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/⑶thethirdphonememustbe/l/or/r/or/w

10.Englishhasfourbasictypesofintonation:

Fallingtone;Risingtone;Fall-risetone;Rise-falltone

三、问答题

1.Whatarethethreebranchesofphonetics?

Howd