必须知道的英语语法.docx
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必须知道的英语语法
一定要知道的英语语法
1.形容词的位置:
代名形容词+数量形容词+性状形容词+名词
再细分如下:
1放在冠词前的形容词(all,both,such...)+2冠词、指示形容词、所有形容词、不定形容词(the,a,an,this,that,your,some,any...)+3序数(first,second...)+4基数(one,two...)+5性质、状态(kind,fine,good...)+6大小、长短、形状(large,small,big...)+7新旧、温度(old,new,hot...)+8颜色(red,blue...)+9国籍(Chinese,English,Japanese...)+10材料(iron,brick,stone...)+11名词、动名词(boy,house...)
2.some和any的用法:
(1)两者修饰可数单数名词,表某一个;任何一个;修饰可数复数名词和不可数名词,表一些;有些。
〔2)一般的用法:
some用于肯定句;any用于疑问句,否定句或条件句。
Iamlookingforsomematches.
Doyouhaveanymatches?
Idonothaveanymatches.
〔3)特殊的用法:
(A)在期望对方肯定的回答时,问句也用some。
Willyoulendmesomemoney?
(=Pleaselendmesomemoney.)
(B)any表任何或任何一个时,也可用于肯定句。
Comeanydayyoulike.
(4)some和any后没有名词时,当做代名词,此外两者也可做副词。
Someofthemaremystudents.〔代名词)
Isyourmotheranybetter?
(副词)
3.many和much的用法:
〔1)many修饰复数可数名词,表许多;much修饰不可数名词,表量或程度。
Hehasmanyfriends,butfewtrueones.
Therehasn'tbeenmuchgoodweatherrecently.
(2)manya:
manya和many同义,但语气比较强,并且要与单数名词及单数形动词连用。
Manyaprisonerhasbeensetfree.(=Manyprisonershavebeensetfree.)
〔3〕asmany和somany均等于thesamenumberof。
前有as,like时,只用somany。
ThesearenotallthebooksIhave.Theseareasmanymoreupstairs.
Theyworkedlikesomanyants.
(4)asmuch等于thesameamountof,表同量和同一事情。
Heboughttwopoundsofsugarandasmuchtea.〔同量)
Iwasnotintheleastsurprised,forIhadfullyexpectedasmuch.〔同一事情)
(5)many和much之后不接名词时,作为代名词;另外much也可用副词。
Manyofthemwereverytired.
Idon'teatmuchforlunch.〔代名词)
HeismuchtallerthanI.(副词〕
4.(a)few和(a)little的用法:
(1)(a)few用在复数可数名词之前,(a)little用在不可数名词之前。
Hetookafewbiscuits.(=several)
Hetookfewbiscuits(=notmany)
Hetookalittlebutter.(=some)
Hetooklittlebutter.(=notmuch)
(2)few可由bardlyany或almostno所取代,含否定的意味。
Thecompositioniswellwritten;ithasfew(=hardlyany)mistakes.
Few(=Almostno)mencansolveit.
(3)afew相当于some,several,含肯定的意味。
Hehasafew(=someorseveral)friends.
(4)alittle和little之间的差别,就和afew和few的差别一样,只是(a)little须修饰不可数名词,表量或程度。
Hegrowsworse;thereislittlehopeofhisrecovery.
Heisnotmuchbetter,butthereisalittlehope.
5.其他的数量形容词:
(1)plentyof,alotof,lotsof均表许多,修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。
Theroomcontainedplentyof(oralotoforlotsof)students.(复数名词)
Theroomcontainedplentyof(oralotoforlotsof)furniture.(不可数名词)
(2)agreat(oragood)dealof,alarge(orasmall)quantityof,alarge(orasmall)amountof,均表(量),修饰不可数名词。
Theroomcontainedagreatdealoffurniture.(不可数名词)
Theroomcontainedagooddealoffurniture.(不可数名词)
Theroomcontainedalargequantityoffurniture.(不可数名词)
Theroomcontainedalargeamountoffurniture.(不可数名词)
Theroomcontainedasmallquantityoffurniture.(不可数名词)
Theroomcontainedasmallamountoffurniture.(不可数名词)
(3)anumberof“许多;一些”;agreat(large,good)numberof“许多”,修饰复数可数名词,并且要与复数动词连用。
Anumberofbooksaremissingfromthelibrary.
Thenumberofbooksfromthelibraryislarge.
(thenumberof+复数名词←→单数动词)
Theroomcontainedagreat(orlargeorgood)numberofstudents.(复数可数名词)
(4)enough的用法:
(A)可接复数可数名词和不可数名词。
Thereareenoughchairs.(可数)
Thereisenoughfurniture.(不可数)
(B)可放在年修饰名词的前后。
Wedon'thaveenoughtime.=Wedon'thavetimeenough.
(5)hundredsof,dozensof,thousandsof,scoresof+复数可数名词
冠词或数词(one,two...)+(hundred,dozen,thousand,score)复数可数名词
(6)therestof“其余的”,可接复数可数名词及不可数名词,作主词时,接可数名词则用复数动词,接不可数名词则用单数动词。
Therestofthestudentsareabsent.(复数可数名词)
Therestofthewaterwasthrownaway.不可数名词)
注:
therest作代名词,等于theothers,和复数动词连用。
6.不可名词量的表示语:
(1)不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语,表示数的观念。
其公式为:
数词+单位词+of+不可数名词
(2)各类表单位的形容词片语。
(A)物质名词:
apiece(suit)ofarmour;
apiece(slice)ofcake;
apiece(anarticle)offurniture;
apieceofjewelry;
apiece(sheet)ofpaper;
acakeofsoap;
apiece(slice)ofbacon;
apiece(stick)ofchalk;
abit(blade)ofgrass;
apiece(strip)ofland;
abit(grain)ofrice;
abowlofsoup;
(B)抽象名词
awordofabuse;
anitem(abit)ofbusiness;
anattackoffever;
abit(anamount)ofinterest;
afitofpassion;
apiece(word)ofadvice;
apieceofevidence;
apiece(anitem)ofinformation;
apiece(anitem)ofnews;
(C)自然现象:
aflashoflightening;
aboltofthunder;
7.名词种类的表示语:
kindof,sortof,typeof,
(1)三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词,其后的冠词a(an)常被省略。
Whatkindof(a)pencildidyoubuy?
Idon'tlikethatsortofgame.
(2)kindof,sortof,typeof之前可加a,the,some,any,etc.
Ihadakindofsuspicionthathewascheating.
(3)比较下列用法:
(加*表非正式用法)
Idon'tlikethis(*those)kindofperson.
Idon'tlikemany(orthese)kindsofroses.
Ilikethiskindofflower.
Ilikeflowersofthiskind.
Ilike*thesekindofflowers.
Ilikethiskindofroses.
Ilikerosesofthiskind.(置名词后更强调种类)
Ilikerosesofthesekinds.(置名词后更强调种类)
8.数词:
(1)基数(Cardinalnumerals):
one,two,three...
(A)除one接单数名词外,其余均接复数名词。
Hehasonesisterandthreebrothers.
(B)hundred的后面须加and(但可以省略)。
12,345=twelvethousandthreehundred(and)fortyfive;
(2)序数(Ordinalmumerals):
first,second,third...
(A)序数前面必须附以定冠词。
而asecond,athird等,则是another的意思。
(B)日期多用序数。
It'sonFriday,thefifthofOctober(=Octoberthefifth=October15th).
(C)序数的简体。
9th=theninth;12th=thetwelfth;16th=thesixteenth;
(3)分数:
(A)分数的表示法:
第一,分子用基数,分母用序数。
第二,分子大于2时,分母须加“s”以形成复数。
1/2=a(one)half;1/3=a(one)third;2/3=two-thirds;1/4=a(one)quarter;
(B)分数可接与不可数名词;所接的名词是单数,则与单数动词连用,是复数则与复数动词连用。
Athirdofthepeachwasbad.
Athirdofthebananaswerebad.
(4)倍数词:
常用的有half,double,treble(三倍)等。
(A)halfa,ahalf,halfthe+名词,表(一半的)。
Heranahalfmileinhalfanhour.
Heranhalfamileinhalfanhour.
Ihavereadhalfthebook.
(B)half还可作名词,代名词及副词。
Twohalvesmakeawhole.(名词)
Thisishalfasmuchagainasthat.(副词)
(C)倍数常用的表达法:
(half;double;treble;twice;twotimes;threetimes;fourtimes...)+定冠词或所有形容词+名词或所有代名词
Ihadtopaydouble(=twice)theusualfare.
Thatwindowisthreetimesthesizeofthis.
9.“数词+名词”结合而成的形容词:
(1)数词+名词=形容词
afive-dollarbill;
twothree-hourperiods;
theThree-powerConference(三强会议);
(2)数词+名词+形容词=形容词
asix-year-oldboy;
athree-hundred-year-oldtree;
注:
上述的复合字是以hyphen(-)连结,而且其中的名词要用单数形式。
(3)名词(无冠词)+基数=the+序数+名词
WorldWarⅡ=WorldWarTwoortheSecondWorldWar;
Vol.Ⅰ=VolumeOneortheFirstVolume;
Page4=pagefourorthefourthpage;
Lesson6=lessonSixortheSixthLesson;
Chap.Ⅲ=ChapterThreeortheThirdChapter;
CharlesⅠ=CharlestheFirst;
cf.NapoleontheGreat=theGreatNapoleon;
(这几种用法,非专有名词,可不用大写,但等号两边须一致。
〕
(4)“数词+复数名词”作主词,虽为复数形,但强调单一性,则用单数动词。
若强调一个一个的个别数,则用复数动词。
Thirtyminutesissufficientforagoodsermon.
Fiftydollarsamonthisalargesuminoureyes,butisnothingtohim.
cf.TenyearshavepassedsinceIsawyoulast.
10.各种数字的读法:
(1)年号的读法:
1979←→nineteenseventy-nineornineteenhundred(and)seventy-nine;
(2)电话号码;货币的读法:
1023←→oneotwothree;1227←→onedoubletwo(ortwotwo)seven;$4.25←→fourdollars(and)twenty-five(cents);
(3)小数点的读法:
13.91←→thirteendecimal(point)nineone;0.23=noughtdemicaltwothree;
(4)算术式的读法:
2+3=5Twoplusthreeis(equals,isequalto)five.
5-3=2Fiveminusthreeisequaltotwo.
3×2=6Threetimestwoissix.orThreebytwoaresix.
9÷3=3Ninedividedbythreemakesthree.
形容词(二〕:
1.限定用法:
形容词紧靠着〔代)名词,直接修饰该〔代)名词。
(1)前位修饰:
(A)字尾为en或表比较的形容词,大多只能作限定用法,放在名词的前面。
awoodenleg;earthenware;hiseldersister;theupperroom,etc.
(B)下列这些形容词只有限定用法,没有叙述用法。
upper;former;latter;outer;inner;utmost;mere;only;utter;main;certain;very;live;spare;
(C)形容词前有so;no;too;how等字时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。
Hecouldnotdoitinsoshortatime.
Heisnolessremarkableamanthanhiselderbrother(is).
(2)后位修饰:
(A)名词之后的数词+名词+old;long;high;wide;deep;etc.
amaneighty-fiveyearsold;arivertwohundredmileslong;
(B)为加强语气或音调美,而将限定形容词放在后面。
Hehadafacethinandworn,buteagerandresolute.
(C)something;anything;everyone;anybody...+形容词。
I'lltellyousomethingveryimportant.
That'snothingnew.
(D)由形容词子句省略主词和动词而不的过去(或现在)分词或形容词片语。
Ihaveansweredalltheletters(whichwere)received(byme).
Alfredwasakinganxiousforhispeople'swelfare.
2.叙述用法:
形容词作补语,间接地修饰〔代)名词。
Hewasawakeallthenight.〔主词补语)
Thenoisekeptmeawake.〔受词补语)
注:
可作限定用法和叙述用法的形容词。
Ihavemanytrustworthyfriends.和Allofmyfriendsaretrustworthy.
Itwasahotandsultryday.和Theweatherbecamehotandsultry.
3.作补语的形容词:
(1)be+形容词+介系词:
由此结合而成的片语,有些等于及物动词。
Iamfondofskiing.=Ilikeskiing.
Heisafraidofit.=Hefearsit.
注:
其他如:
becapableof;beconcernedwith;be(un)familiarwith(to);belatefor;besubjectto;beworthyof;etc.
(2)某些已转化为形容词的过去分词,其后通常接at;about;with;in;of等介词。
JohnisinterestedinEnglishgrammar.
Hewassurprisedatherbehaviour.
(3)be+形容词+介系词:
可接〔代)名词,动名词,或名词子句,但名词子句若是that子句须省略介词,因that子句不可直接作介词的受词。
Shewasnotawareofthefacts.
Shewasnotaware(of)howmuchherhusbandearned.
Shewasnotawarethatthereisdanger.
(4)It+be+形容词+that子句
Itistruethatshenevercame.
此类形容词有:
certain;likely;obvious;plain;possible;true;etc.
(A)that子句中的假设法。
Itisappropriatethathe(should)getthepost.(should可省略〕
(B)人称形容词亦可接其他连接词引导的子句。
I'mnotsurewhyhecame.
I'mnotclearwhereshewent.
4.有关worth;worthwhile;worthy的句型如下:
(A)主词(含it)+beworth+