How To Become A hakr.docx

How To Become A hakr.docx

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HowToBecomeAhakr

HowToBecomeAhakr

EricStevenRaymond

ThyrsusEnterprises

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Copyright©2001EricS.Raymond

RevisionHistory

Revision1.4307Feb2011esr

PythonpassedPerlinpopularityin2010.

Revision1.4222Oct2010esr

Added"Historicalnote".

Revision1.403Nov2008esr

Linkfixes.

Revision1.3914AugJan2008esr

Linkfixes.

Revision1.388Jan2008esr

DeprecateJavaasalanguagetolearnearly.

Revision1.374Oct2007esr

RecommendUbuntuasaUnixdistrofornewbies.

TableofContents

WhyThisDocument?

WhatIsahakr?

ThehakrAttitude

1.Theworldisfulloffascinatingproblemswaitingtobesolved.

2.Noproblemshouldeverhavetobesolvedtwice.

3.Boredomanddrudgeryareevil.

4.Freedomisgood.

5.Attitudeisnosubstituteforcompetence.

BasicHackingSkills

1.Learnhowtoprogram.

2.Getoneoftheopen-sourceUnixesandlearntouseandrunit.

3.LearnhowtousetheWorldWideWebandwriteHTML.

4.Ifyoudon'thavefunctionalEnglish,learnit.

StatusinthehakrCulture

1.Writeopen-sourcesoftware

2.Helptestanddebugopen-sourcesoftware

3.Publishusefulinformation

4.Helpkeeptheinfrastructureworking

5.Servethehakrcultureitself

Thehakr/NerdConnection

PointsForStyle

HistoricalNote:

Hacking,OpenSource,andFreeSoftware

OtherResources

FrequentlyAskedQuestions

WhyThisDocument?

AseditoroftheJargonFileandauthorofafewotherwell-knowndocumentsofsimilarnature,Ioftengetemailrequestsfromenthusiasticnetworknewbiesasking（ineffect）"howcanIlearntobeawizardlyhakr?

".Backin1996Inoticedthattheredidn'tseemtobeanyotherFAQsorwebdocumentsthataddressedthisvitalquestion,soIstartedthisone.Alotofhakrsnowconsideritdefinitive,andIsupposethatmeansitis.Still,Idon'tclaimtobetheexclusiveauthorityonthistopic;ifyoudon'tlikewhatyoureadhere,writeyourown.

Ifyouarereadingasnapshotofthisdocumentoffline,thecurrentversionlivesathttp:

//catb.org/~esr/faqs/hakr-howto.html.

Note:

thereisalistofFrequentlyAskedQuestionsattheendofthisdocument.Pleasereadthese—twice—beforemailingmeanyquestionsaboutthisdocument.

Numeroustranslationsofthisdocumentareavailable:

ArabicChinese（Simplified）,Danish,Dutch,Estonian,German,GreekItalianHebrew,Norwegian,Portuguese（Brazilian）,RomanianSpanish,Turkish,andSwedish.Notethatsincethisdocumentchangesoccasionally,theymaybeoutofdatetovaryingdegrees.

Thefive-dots-in-nine-squaresdiagramthatdecoratesthisdocumentiscalledaglider.ItisasimplepatternwithsomesurprisingpropertiesinamathematicalsimulationcalledLifethathasfascinatedhakrsformanyyears.Ithinkitmakesagoodvisualemblemforwhathakrsarelike—abstract,atfirstabitmysterious-seeming,butagatewaytoawholeworldwithanintricatelogicofitsown.Readmoreabouttheglideremblemhere.

WhatIsahakr?

TheJargonFilecontainsabunchofdefinitionsoftheterm‘hakr’,mosthavingtodowithtechnicaladeptnessandadelightinsolvingproblemsandovercominglimits.Ifyouwanttoknowhowtobecomeahakr,though,onlytwoarereallyrelevant.

Thereisacommunity,asharedculture,ofexpertprogrammersandnetworkingwizardsthattracesitshistorybackthroughdecadestothefirsttime-sharingminicomputersandtheearliestARPAnetexperiments.Themembersofthiscultureoriginatedtheterm‘hakr’.hakrsbuilttheInternet.hakrsmadetheUnixoperatingsystemwhatitistoday.hakrsrunUsenet.hakrsmaketheWorldWideWebwork.Ifyouarepartofthisculture,ifyouhavecontributedtoitandotherpeopleinitknowwhoyouareandcallyouahakr,you'reahakr.

Thehakrmind-setisnotconfinedtothissoftware-hakrculture.Therearepeoplewhoapplythehakrattitudetootherthings,likeelectronicsormusic—actually,youcanfinditatthehighestlevelsofanyscienceorart.Softwarehakrsrecognizethesekindredspiritselsewhereandmaycallthem‘hakrs’too—andsomeclaimthatthehakrnatureisreallyindependentoftheparticularmediumthehakrworksin.Butintherestofthisdocumentwewillfocusontheskillsandattitudesofsoftwarehakrs,andthetraditionsofthesharedculturethatoriginatedtheterm‘hakr’.

Thereisanothergroupofpeoplewholoudlycallthemselveshakrs,butaren't.Thesearepeople（mainlyadolescentmales）whogetakickoutofbreakingintocomputersandphreakingthephonesystem.Realhakrscallthesepeople‘crackers’andwantnothingtodowiththem.Realhakrsmostlythinkcrackersarelazy,irresponsible,andnotverybright,andobjectthatbeingabletobreaksecuritydoesn'tmakeyouahakranymorethanbeingabletohotwirecarsmakesyouanautomotiveengineer.Unfortunately,manyjournalistsandwritershavebeenfooledintousingtheword‘hakr’todescribecrackers;thisirritatesrealhakrsnoend.

Thebasicdifferenceisthis:

hakrsbuildthings,crackersbreakthem.

Ifyouwanttobeahakr,keepreading.Ifyouwanttobeacracker,goreadthealt.2600newsgroupandgetreadytodofivetotenintheslammerafterfindingoutyouaren'tassmartasyouthinkyouare.Andthat'sallI'mgoingtosayaboutcrackers.

ThehakrAttitude

1.Theworldisfulloffascinatingproblemswaitingtobesolved.

2.Noproblemshouldeverhavetobesolvedtwice.

3.Boredomanddrudgeryareevil.

4.Freedomisgood.

5.Attitudeisnosubstituteforcompetence.

hakrssolveproblemsandbuildthings,andtheybelieveinfreedomandvoluntarymutualhelp.Tobeacceptedasahakr,youhavetobehaveasthoughyouhavethiskindofattitudeyourself.Andtobehaveasthoughyouhavetheattitude,youhavetoreallybelievetheattitude.

Butifyouthinkofcultivatinghakrattitudesasjustawaytogainacceptanceintheculture,you'llmissthepoint.Becomingthekindofpersonwhobelievesthesethingsisimportantforyou—forhelpingyoulearnandkeepingyoumotivated.Aswithallcreativearts,themosteffectivewaytobecomeamasteristoimitatethemind-setofmasters—notjustintellectuallybutemotionallyaswell.

Or,asthefollowingmodernZenpoemhasit:

ÂÂÂÂToÂfollowÂtheÂpath:

ÂÂÂÂlookÂtoÂtheÂmaster,

ÂÂÂÂfollowÂtheÂmaster,

ÂÂÂÂwalkÂwithÂtheÂmaster,

ÂÂÂÂseeÂthroughÂtheÂmaster,

ÂÂÂÂbecomeÂtheÂmaster.

So,ifyouwanttobeahakr,repeatthefollowingthingsuntilyoubelievethem:

1.Theworldisfulloffascinatingproblemswaitingtobesolved.

Beingahakrislotsoffun,butit'sakindoffunthattakeslotsofeffort.Theefforttakesmotivation.Successfulathletesgettheirmotivationfromakindofphysicaldelightinmakingtheirbodiesperform,inpushingthemselvespasttheirownphysicallimits.Similarly,tobeahakryouhavetogetabasicthrillfromsolvingproblems,sharpeningyourskills,andexercisingyourintelligence.

Ifyouaren'tthekindofpersonthatfeelsthiswaynaturally,you'llneedtobecomeoneinordertomakeitasahakr.Otherwiseyou'llfindyourhackingenergyissappedbydistractionslikesex,money,andsocialapproval.

（Youalsohavetodevelopakindoffaithinyourownlearningcapacity—abeliefthateventhoughyoumaynotknowallofwhatyouneedtosolveaproblem,ifyoutacklejustapieceofitandlearnfromthat,you'lllearnenoughtosolvethenextpiece—andsoon,untilyou'redone.）

2.Noproblemshouldeverhavetobesolvedtwice.

Creativebrainsareavaluable,limitedresource.Theyshouldn'tbewastedonre-inventingthewheelwhentherearesomanyfascinatingnewproblemswaitingoutthere.

Tobehavelikeahakr,youhavetobelievethatthethinkingtimeofotherhakrsisprecious—somuchsothatit'salmostamoraldutyforyoutoshareinformation,solveproblemsandthengivethesolutionsawayjustsootherhakrscansolvenewproblemsinsteadofhavingtoperpetuallyre-addressoldones.

Note,however,that"Noproblemshouldeverhavetobesolvedtwice."doesnotimplythatyouhavetoconsiderallexistingsolutionssacred,orthatthereisonlyonerightsolutiontoanygivenproblem.Often,welearnalotabouttheproblemthatwedidn'tknowbeforebystudyingthefirstcutatasolution.It'sOK,andoftennecessary,todecidethatwecandobetter.What'snotOKisartificialtechnical,legal,orinstitutionalbarriers（likeclosed-sourcecode）thatpreventagoodsolutionfrombeingre-usedandforcepeopletore-inventwheels.

（Youdon'thavetobelievethatyou'reobligatedtogiveallyourcreativeproductaway,thoughthehakrsthatdoaretheonesthatgetmostrespectfromotherhakrs.It'sconsistentwithhakrvaluestosellenoughofittokeepyouinfoodandrentandcomputers.It'sfinetouseyourhackingskillstosupportafamilyorevengetrich,aslongasyoudon'tforgetyourloyaltytoyourartandyourfellowhakrswhiledoingit.）

3.Boredomanddrudgeryareevil.

hakrs（andcreativepeopleingeneral）shouldneverbeboredorhavetodrudgeatstupidrepetitivework,becausewhenthishappensitmeanstheyaren'tdoingwhatonlytheycando—solvenewproblems.Thiswastefulnesshurtseverybody.Thereforeboredomanddrudgeryarenotjustunpleasantbutactuallyevil.

Tobehavelikeahakr,youhavetobelievethisenoughtowanttoautomateawaytheboringbitsasmuchaspossible,notjustforyourselfbutforeverybodyelse（especiallyotherhakrs）.

（Thereisoneapparentexceptiontothis.hakrswillsometimesdothingsthatmayseemrepetitiveorboringtoanobserverasamind-clearingexercise,orinordertoacquireaskillorhavesomeparticularkindofexperienceyoucan'tha