毕业论文红字开题报告和文献综述.docx

毕业论文红字开题报告和文献综述.docx

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毕业论文红字开题报告和文献综述

毕业论文开题报告

1.Literaturereview

TheScarletLetteristherepresentativeworkofNathanielHawthorne,whowasanAmericannovelistinthe19thcentury.AsafamouswriterinAmericanRenaissance,NathanielHawthornewasdeeplyinfluencedbythreethoughts,Puritanismconsciousness,transcendentalphilosophyandtranscendentalism.

NovelTheScarletLetterisHawthorne'smostremarkablemasterpiece.Itthoroughlyresponsetopeople'sspiritwreckofPuritanismandunbridledpursuitforhappylife.Meanwhile,TheScarletLetteralsomakesNathanielHawthorneknownallaroundtheworld.“Hawthorneusesthesymbolismsoskillfulthatitenhancestheartisticeffectsofhisworkgreatly.Weneedtoresearchthesymbolisminthisnovelfromthefollowingaspects;thechangingsymbolicmeaningofthescarletletter,thenamesofthemajorcharactersandmanyobjectsthataredescribedinthenoveltomakethesymbolismcleartothereaders.”（苑文良2005:

12）

Aimingatanalyzingtheusageofsymbolisminthisnovel,IamreadingsomepapersandbookswhichcriticizetheScarletLetteranditssymbolism.Followingismylimitedviewpointsandsomeliteraturereviewsaboutthenovelanditssymbolism.

1.Symbolisminletter“A”.

Inthisnovel,thescarletletter“A”changesitsmeaningmanydifferenttimes.Thischangeissignificant.Itshowsgrowthinthecharacters,andthecommunityinwhichtheylive.“Theletter“A”beginsasasymbolofsin.Itthenbecomesasymbolofaloneandalienation,andfinallyitbecomesasymbolofable,angelandadmirable.”（苑文良2005:

12）

Theletter“A”isalsobecomparedasaBiblicalArchetype.Itreferstosins.“Thescarletletter“A”alsocanbeseenasthesymbolofAdam.IttellsusthatHester'ssinistheoriginalsinofhumanbeing,itisforgivable.”（陈素英1997:

4）

2.Symbolismincharacters.

Therearefourmaincharactersinthisnovel.Theyallhavetheirownsymbolicmeaningsundertheauthor’spen.

HesterPrynneisoneofthemajorcharactersinTheScarletLetter.Thewritergiveshermuchsymbolicmeaningbygivingherthisname.HestersoundslikeHestier,Zeus'sisterinGreekmythology,whoisaverybeautifulgoddess.ThisgivesusasensethatHesterisapassionatebeautifulwoman.Inthisnovel,sheisthesymbolofthetruth,thegoodnessandthebeauty.NathanielHawthornedescribesherinChapterTwolikethis:

“Theyoungwomanwastall,afigureofperfecteleganceonalargescale,shehaddarkandabundanthair,soglossythatitthrewoffthesunshinewithagleam,andafacewhich,besidesbeingbeautifulfromregularityoffeatureandrichnessofcomplexion,hadtheimpressivenessbelongingtoamarkedbrowanddeepblackeyes…”（NathanielHawthorne2001:

P50）Forsomanyyears,Hesterrefusestospeakoutthenameofherpartnerinsin,buttakesoverallthepunishmentbyherself.Insteadofrunningfromthehostilecolonists,Hesterwithstandstheirinsolenceandpursuesanormallife.Sheprovesherworthwithheruncommonsewingskillsandprovidescommunityservice.Hester'sownsingivesher“sympatheticknowledgeofthesininotherhearts.”Eventhoughthepeopleshetriestohelp“oftenreviledthehandthatwasstretchedforthtosuccorthem,”shecontinuesherservicesbecausesheactuallycares.Atlast,thecolonistscometothinkofthescarletletteras“thecrossonanun'sbosom”,whichisnotsmallaccomplishment.

ArthurDimmesdaleisawell-regardedyoungminister,whoseinitialsareAD,whichalsostandsforadultery.TheauthorobviouslytellsusAuthorDimmesdaleisthepartnerinsinofHesterPrynnebygivinghimthisname.ThewordDimmesdalealsohasmanysymbolicmeanings.Dimmeansdarkandweak,anddalemeansvalley,sotheDimmesdalehereisactuallyasymbolofthe“dim-interior”oftheclergyman.HelovesHesterdeeply,andheisthefatherofPearl,buthecanonlyshowhispassionforherintheforestorindarkness.Hisresponsetothesinistolie.HestandsbeforeHesterandtherestofthetownandproceedstogiveamovingspeechabouthowitwouldbeinherandthefather'sbestinterestforhertorevealthefather'sname.Thoughheneveractuallysaysthatheisnottheotherpartner,heimpliesitbytalkingofthefatherinthirdperson.Suchas,“Ifthoufeelestittobeforthysoul'speace,andthatthyearthlypunishmentwilltherebybemademoreeffectualtosalvation,Ichargetheetospeakoutthenameofthyfellow-sinnerandfellow-sufferer”（NathanielHawthorne2001:

P63）.

RogerChillingworth,likeallofHawthorne'smaincharacters,iscomplexanddifficulttoseethrough.Thewords“chilling”and“worth”composethesurnameChillingworth.Chillingcomesfromtheword“chilly”,whichmeansthismanisamercilessavenger.Heiscalmintemperament,kindly,butkeepevilintentions.Beingamanalreadyindecayandmisshapenfromhisbirthhour,hemarriedHester,awomanwithyouthandbeauty,deludinghimselfwiththeideathatintellectualgiftsmightveilphysicaldeformityinayounggirl'sfantasy.HemarriedHesternotbecausehelovedherbutbecausehewantedtolightahouseholdfireinhislonelyandchillyheart.Heisabookwormwhospendshisbesttimeinlibraries,andshowsnolovetohisyoungwife.ItishethathasdestroyedHester'sflowerlikeyouth,andindirectlyleadstoHester'stragedy.Afterhediscoversthathiswifeboreanotherman'schild,Rogergivesuphisindependence.Heusedtobeascholar,whodedicateshisbestyears“tofeedthehungrydreamofknowledge,”buthisnewallegiancebecomesfindingandslowlypunishingthemanwhoseduceshiswife.Hesoonbecomesobsessedwithhisnewmissioninlife,andwhenhetargetsReverendDimmesdaleasthepossibleparent,hedisguiseshimselfasonetrustfriendoftheminister,attachinghimselftohimasaparishioner.“Forsevenyears,hedigsintotheminister'sheartwithkeenpleasure.Hesearchestheminister'sthoughts;hecausesthepoorministertodiedailyalivingdeath.Hesearchesintotheminister'sdiminteriorforalongtime,andturnsovermanypreciousatread,andaswaryanoutlook,asathiefenteringachamberwhereamanliesonlyhalfasleep,——or,ifitmaybe,broadawake,——withpurposetostealtheverytreasurewhichthismanguardsastheappleofhiseyes,”（NathanielHawthorne2001:

P119）

Pearlisoneofthemostcomplexandmisunderstoodsymbolsinthebook,thedaughterofHesterPrynne.Pearl,throughoutthestory,developsintoadynamicsymbol-onethatisalwayschanging.Pearlwasasourceofmanydifferentkindsofsymbolism.Frombeingalivingscarletletter,toavaluablethingwithhighprice,thentothemoralinthisnovel.Shewasakindofburden,yetloveforHester.ThemostsignificantsymbolicmeaningofPearlinthenovelisherassociationwiththescarletletter“A”.WhenHesterstoodfullyrevealedbeforethecrowd,itisherfirstimpulsetoclaspPearlcloselytoherbosom;“notsomuchbyanimpulseofmotherlyaffection,asthatshemighttherebyconcealacertaintoken,whichwaswroughtorfastenedintoherdress.”（NathanielHawthorne2001:

P50）“Inamoment,however,wiselyjudgingthatonetokenofhershamewouldbutpoorlyservetohideanother,shetookthebabyonherarm…”（NathanielHawthorne2001:

P50）Hesterembroideredthescarletletterwithgoldthreadfantastically,andshehadallowedthegorgeoustendenciesofherimaginationtheirfullplayingcontrivingPearl'sgarb.“and,indeed,ofthechild'swholeappearance,thatitirresistiblyremindedthebeholderofthetokenwhichHesterPrynnewasdoomedtowearuponherbosom.”（NathanielHawthorne2001:

P93）Pearlreallywasthescarletletter,thescarletletterinanotherform;thescarletletterendowedwithlife.

3.Symbolisminotherscenesandreligiouscultures.

Symbolismisatraditionalartisticform,italsoisamajorfeatureofRomanticism.Asafamouswriterofromanticism,Hawthorneisskillfulattherisingofsymbolisminhisworks.ThevarioususageofsymbolisminTheScarletLettermakesthenovelaworkofthework.EverychapterinTheScarletLetterhassymbolsdisplayedthroughcharacterization,setting,colors,andlight.“PerhapsthemostdramaticchaptersusingthesetechniquesarethechapterscomprisingthethreescaffoldscenesandthemeetingintheforestbetweenHesterandDimmesdale.”（苑文良2005:

12）Hawthorne'sabilitytointroducethesesymbolsandchange

themthroughthecontextofhisstoryisbutoneofthereasonsTheScarletLetterisconsideredhismasterpieceandapeerlessexampleoftheromancenovel.Exactlyspeaking,thecharactersrepresentedchurch,government,societyatlarge,truthandfeminism.Thescarletletter"A"itselforiginallyrepresentedguiltorshame,thendestinyorunderstanding,andeventuallyangelorable.

InTheScarletLetter,mostoftheobjectsthataredescribedhavemanysymbolicmeanings.Thenovelisfilledwithlightanddarknesssymbolsbecauseitrepresentsthemostcommonbattleofalltime,goodversusevil.WhenHesterandherdaughterarewalkingintheforest,Pearlexclaims:

“Mother,thesunshinedoesnotloveyou.Itrunsawayandhidesitself,becauseitisafraidofsomethingonyoubosom.Nowsee!

Thereitis,playingagoodwayoff.Standyouhere,andletmerunandcatchit.Iambutachild.Itwillnotfleefromme,forIwearnothingonmybosomyet.”（NathanielHawthorne2001:

P168）

“HawthornebelievedPuritanism,whichrepresentsanunbendingsocietyofjudgmentalpeople,debilitatesthatsocietyandbreedshypocrisy.”（苑文良2005:

12）Inshort,whatwesayanddoareworldsapartinasocietywithgreatrestrictiononbehaviorandbelief.Embracingsociety'sdiversitywillbenefittheentiresociety.

“InmanyofHawthorne'sstoriesandnovels,thePuritanconcep