英语语言学概论.docx

英语语言学概论.docx

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英语语言学概论

Chapter1

Language语言

1.

Designfeature

（识别特征）referstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromany

animalsystemofcommunication.

2.

Productivity

（能产性）referstotheabilitythatpeoplehaveinmakingandcomprehendingindefinitelylarge

quantitiesofsentencesintheirnativelanguage.

3.

arbitrariness

（任意性）

Arbitrariness

refersto

thephenomenon

thatthere

isnomotivatedrelationship

betweenalinguisticformanditsmeaning.

4.

symbol（符号）Symbolreferstosomethingsuchasanobject,word,orsoundthatrepresentssomething

elsebyassociationorconvention.

5.

discreteness

（离散性）

Discreteness

refers

tothephenomenon

thatthe

soundsinalanguageare

meaningfullydistinct.

6.

displacement

（不受时空限制的特性

）

Displacementreferstothefactthathumanlanguagecanbeusedto

talkaboutthingsthatarenotintheimmediatesituationsofitsusers.

7.

dualityofstructure

（结构二重性）

Theorganizationoflanguageintotwolevels,oneofsounds,theotherof

meaning,isknownasdualityofstructure.

8.

culturetransmission

（文化传播）

Culturetransmissionreferstothefactthatlanguageispassedonfrom

onegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinheritance.

9.

interchangeability

（互换性）Interchangeabilitymeansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproduceranda

receiverofmessages.

1.★Whatislanguage?

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Thisdefinitionhascapturedthemainfeaturesoflanguage.

First,languageisasystem.

Second,languageisarbitraryinthesense.

Thethirdfeatureoflanguageissymbolicnature.

2.★Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?

Languagehassevendesignfeaturesasfollowing:

1）Productivity.

2）Discreteness.

3）Displacement

4）Arbitrariness.

5）Culturaltransmission

6）Dualityofstructure.

7）Interchangeability.

3.Whydowesaylanguageisasystem?

Becauseelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules,andeverylanguagecontainsasetofrules.

Bysystem,therecurringpatternsorarrangementsortheparticularwaysordesignsinwhichalanguageoperates.Andthesounds,thewordsandthesentencesareusedinfixedpatternsthatspeakerofalanguagecanunderstandeachother.

4.★（Functionoflanguage.）

According

toHalliday,what

arethe

initialfunctions

ofchildren’s

language?

Andwhatarethethreefunctionalcomponentsofadultlanguage?

I.Hallidayusesthefollowingtermstorefertotheinitialfunctionsof

children

s’language:

1）

Instrumentalfunction.

工具功能

2）

Regulatoryfunction.

调节功能

3）

Representationalfunction.

表现功能

4）

Interactionalfunction.

互动功能

5）

Personalfunction.

自指性功能

6）Heuristicfunction.启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h]

7）Imaginativefunction.想象功能

II.Adultlanguagehasthreefunctionalcomponentsasfollowing:

1）Interpersonalcomponents.人际

2）Ideationalcomponents.概念

3）Textualcomponents.语篇

1

Chapter2

Linguistics

语言学

1.

generallinguisticsanddescriptivelinguistics

（普通语言学与描写语言学）Theformerdealswithlanguage

ingeneralwhereasthelatterisconcernedwithoneparticularlanguage.

2.

synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics

and

（共时语言学与历时语言学

）Diachroniclinguisticstraces

thehistoricaldevelopment

of

thelanguage

recordsthechanges

that

have

taken

place

in

it

between

successive

pointsintime.

Andsynchronic

linguistics

presents

anaccount

of

languageas

it

is

at

some

particularpointintime.

3.

theoretical

linguistics

and

applied

linguistics

（理论语言学与应用语言学

）The

former

copes

with

languages

withaview

to

establishing

a

theory

of

their

structures

and

functionswhereas

the

latteris

concernedwiththeapplicationoftheconceptsandfindingsoflinguisticstoallsortsofpracticaltasks.

4.

microlinguisticsandmacrolinguistics

（微观语言学与宏观语言学

）Theformerstudiesonlythestructureof

languagesystemwhereasthelatterdealswitheverythingthatisrelatedtolanguages.

5.langueandparole（语言与言语）Theformerreferstotheabstractlinguisticssystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhereasthelatterreferstotheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituation

byanindividualspeaker.

6.competenceandperformance（语言能力与语言运用）Theformerisone’sknowledgeofallthelinguisticregulationsystemswhereasthelatteristheuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.

7.speechandwriting（口头语与书面语）Speechisthespokenformoflanguagewhereaswritingiswrittencodes,giveslanguagenewscope.

8.

linguistics

behavior

potentialandactual

linguistic

behavior（语言行为潜势与实际语言行为

）People

actuallysaysonacertainoccasiontoacertainpersonisactuallinguisticsbehavior.Andeachofpossible

linguisticitemsthathecouldhavesaidislinguisticbehaviorpotential.

9.

syntagmatic

relation

andparadigmatic

relation（横组合关系与纵聚合关系

）

Theformerdescribesthe

horizontaldimensionofalanguagewhilethelatterdescribestheverticaldimensionofalanguage.

10.

verbalcommunicationandnon-verbalcommunication

（言语交际与非言语交际

）Usualuseoflanguageas

ameansoftransmittinginformationiscalledverbalcommunication.Thewaysweconveymeaningwithout

usinglanguageiscallednon-verbalcommunication.

1.

★HowdoesJohnLyonsclassifylinguistics

?

AccordingtoJohnLyons,thefieldoflinguisticsasawholecanbedividedintoseveralsubfieldsasfollowing:

1）Generallinguisticsanddescriptivelinguistics.

2）Synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics.

3）Theoreticallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.

4）Microlinguisticsandmacrolinguistics.

2.Explainthethreeprinciplesbywhichthelinguistisguided:

consistency,adequacyandsimplicity.

1）Consistencymeansthatthereshouldbenocontradictionsbetweendifferentpartsofthetheoryandthedescription.

2）Adequacymeansthatthetheorymustbebroadenoughinscopetooffersignificantgeneralizations.

3）Simplicityrequiresustobeasbriefandeconomicaspossible.

3.★Whatarethesub-branchesoflinguisticswithinthelanguagesystem

?

Withinthelanguagesystemtherearesixsub-branchesasfollowing:

1）

Phonetics.

语音学isastudyofspeechsoundsofallhumanlanguages.

2）

Phonology.

音位学studiesaboutthesoundsandsoundpatternsofaspeaker

’snativelanguage.

3）

Morphology.

形态学studiesabouthowawordisformed.

4）

Syntax.句法学studiesaboutwhetherasentenceisgrammaticalornot.

5）

Semantics.

语义学studiesaboutthemeaningoflanguage,includingmeaningofwordsandmeaningof

sentences.

6）

Pragmatics.

语用学

★Thescopeoflanguage:

Linguisticsisreferredtoasascientificstudyoflanguage.

★Thescientificprocessoflinguisticstudy:

Itinvolvesfourstages:

collectingdata,formingahypothesis,

testingthehypothesisanddrawingconclusions.

2

3

Chapter3

Phonetics

语音学

1.

articulatory

phonetics

（发音语音学

）

Thestudyof

how

speech

organs

produce

the

sounds

iscalled

articulatoryphonetics.

2.

acoustic

phonetics（声学语音学）The

studyofthe

physicalpropertiesand

ofthe

transmissionofspeech

soundsiscalledacousticphonetics.

3.

auditoryphonetics

（听觉语音学）Thestudyofthewayhearersperceivespeechsoundsiscalledauditory

phonetics.

4.

consonant

（辅音）Consonantisaspeechsoundwheretheairformthelanguageiseithercompletelyblocked,

orpartiallyblocked,orwheretheopeningbetweenthespeechorgansissonarrowthattheairescapeswith

audiblefriction.

5.

vowel（元音）isdefinedasaspeechsoundinwhichtheairfromthelungsisnotblockedinanywayandis

pronouncedwithvocal-cordvibration.

6.

bilabials

（双唇音）Bilabialsmeansthatconsonantsforwhichtheflowofairisstoppedorrestrictedbythetwo

lips.[p][b][m][w]

7.

affricates

（塞擦音）Thesoundproducedbystoppingtheairstreamandthenimmediatelyreleasingitslowlyis

calledaffricates.[t

X][dY][tr][dr]

8.

glottis

（声门）Glottisisthespacebetweenthevocalcords.

9.

roundedvowel

（圆唇元音）Roundedvowelisdefinedasthevowelsoundpronouncedbythelipsforminga

circularopening.[u:

][u][

OB][O]

10.

diphthongs

（双元音）

Diphthongs

are

produced

by

movingfrom

onevowel

positionto

another

through

interveningpositions.[ei][ai][Oi][Qu][au]

11.

triphthongs

（三合元音）Triphthongsarethose

whichareproduced

bymoving

fromone

vowelpositionto

anotherandthenrapidlyandcontinuouslytoathirdone.[ei

Q][aiQ][OiQ][QuQ][auQ]

12.

laxvowels

（松元音）Accordingtodistinctionoflongandshortvowels,vowelsareclassifiedtensevowelsand

laxvowels.Allthelongvowelsaretensevowelsbutoftheshortvowels,[e]isatensevowelaswell,andthe

restshortvowelsarelaxvowels.

1.★Howareconsonantsclassifiedintermsofdifferentcriteria?

TheconsonantsinEnglishcanbedescribedintermsoffourdimensions.

1）Thepositionofthesoftpalate.

2）Thepresen