语言学第四单元课后答案syntax树状图thesrule.docx
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语言学第四单元课后答案syntax树状图thesrule
syntax
1.Indicatethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.
a）Theoldladysuddenlyleft.
DetANQualV
b）Thecarstoppedattheendoftheroad.
DetNVPDetNPDetN
c）Thesnowmighthaveblockedtheroad.
DetNAuxAuxVDetN
d）Heneverappearsquitemature.
NQualVDegA
2.Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeach.
a）fullofpeople
AP
APN
fullofpeople
b）astoryaboutasentimentalgirl
NP
NPPP
DetNPNP
DetAN
astoryaboutasentimentalgirl
c）oftenreaddetectivestories
VP
QualVNP
AN
oftenreaddetectivestories
d）theargumentagainsttheproposals
NP
NPPP
DetNPNP
DetN
theargumentagainsttheproposals
e）movetowardsthewindow
VP
VPP
PDetN
movetowardsthewindow
3.Drawphrasestructuretreesforeachofthefollowingsentences.
a）Thejetlanded.
InflP（=S）
NPInflVP
DetNPstV
Thejetlanded
b）Marybecameveryill.
InflP（=S）
NPInflVP
NPstVAP
DegA
Marybecameveryill
c）Whatwillyoutalkabout?
CP
NPCS
NInflNPInflVP
VPNP
VPN
Whatwillyouetalkaboute
d）Theapplemighthittheman.
S
NPVP
DetNAuxVNP
DetN
Theapplemighthittheman
OR
InflP（=S）
NPInflVP
DetNVNP
DetN
Theapplemighthittheman
e）Heoftenreadsdetectivestories.
S
NPVP
NQualVNP
AN
Heoftenreadsetectivestories
OR
InflP（=S）
NPInflVP
Pres
NQualVNP
AN
Heoftenreadsetectivestories
4.Thefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentence,firstidentifythemodifier（s）,thendrawthetreestructures.
a）Afrightenedpassengerlandedthecrippledairplane.
InflP（=S）
NPInflVP
DetANPstVNP
DetAN
Afrightenedpassengerlandedthecrippledairplane
b）Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.
InflP（=S）
NPInflVP
DetANPstVPP
PNP
DetAN
Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky
c）Anunusualeventoccurredbeforethemeeting.
InflP（=S）
NPInflVP
DetANPstVPP
PNP
DetN
Anunusualeventoccurredbeforethemeeting
d）Aquaintoldhouseappearedonthegrassyhill.
InflP（=S）
NPInflVP
DetANPPstVPP
ANPNP
DetAN
Aquaintoldhouseappearedonthegrassyhill
5.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjoinedcategories.Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences.
a）Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.
InflP（=S）
NPVP
NAuxVNP
DetANP
NCONN
Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants
OR
InflP（=S）
NPVP
NInflVNP
DetANP
NCONN
Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants
b）Helenputonherclothesandwentout.
S
NPVP
NVPCONVP
VPNPVAdv
VPDetN
Helenputonherclothesandwentout
OR
InflP（=S）
NPInflVP
NPstVPCONVP
VPNPVAdv
VPDetN
Helenputonherclothesandwentout
c）Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.
S
NPVP
NVPCONVP
VPNPVPNP
VAPNVAPN
Maryisfondofliteraturebut（is）tiredofstatistics
OR
InflP（=S）
NPInflVP
NPresVPCONVP
VPNPVPNP
VAPNVAPN
Maryisfondofliteraturebut（is）tiredofstatistics
d）Thedetectivewentoutandthemysteriousmancamein.
S
SCONS
NPVPNPVP
DetNVAdvDetANVAdv
Thedetectivewentoutandthemysteriousmancamein
e）Crusoeknowsthatspringwillcomeandthesnowwillmelt.
S
NPVP
CP
NVCS
SCONS
NPVPNPVP
NAuxVDetNAuxV
Crusoeknowsthatspringwillcomeandthesnowwillmelt
6.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.
a）YouknowthatIhatewar.
S
NPVP
CP
NVCS
NPVP
NP
NVN
YouknowthatIhatewar
ORCP
CInflP（=S）
NPInflVP
CP
NPresVCS
NPVP
NVNP
N
YouknowthatIhatewar
b）HesaidthatTomaskedwhethertheclasswasover.
S
NPVP
CP
NVCS
NPVP
CP
NVCS
NPVP
DetNVLA
HesaidthatTomaskedwhethertheclasswasover
c）Gerrycan’tbelievethefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.
S
NPVP
NVPNP
CP
AuxNegVNPCS
DetNNPVP
NVNP
DetAN
GerrycannotbelievethefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam
d）ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce.
S
NPVP
CP
NVLACS
NPVP
DetNVNPNP
NDetN
ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce
e）Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.
S
NPVP
CP
DetNVPCS
VPNPVP
NVNP
N
Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings
7.Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsarelativeclause.Drawthedeepstructureandthesurfacestructuretreesforeachofthesentences.
a）Theessaythathewrotewastoolong.
Deepstructure
CP
CS
NPVP
DetNCPVAP
CSDegP
NPInflVP
NVNP
N
Theessayhewrotethatwastoolong
SurfaceStructure
CP
CS
NPVP
DetNCPVAP
CSDegP
NPNPInflVP
NNPstVNP
N
Theessaythathewroteewastoolong
b）Thedogthathekeepsbites.
Deepstructure
CP
CS
NPVP
DetNCPV
CInflS
PresNPVP
NVNP
N
Thedoghekeepsthatbites
SurfaceStructure
CP
CS
NPVP
DetNCPV
CS
NPNPInflVP
NNPresVNP
N
Thedogthathekeepsebites
c）Herbertfoundthemansheloved.
Deepstructure
CP
CS
NPVP
NInflVNP
CP
DetNCS
NPInflVP
NP
NV
N
Herbertfoundthemanshelovedwho
SurfaceStructure
CP
CS
NPVP
NInflVNP
CP
DetNS
C
NPInflVP
NPNP
NV
NN
Herbertfoundtheman（whom）shelovede
d）Thegirlwhomheoftenquarrelswithmajorsinlinguistics.
Deepstructure
CP
CS
NPVP
DetNCPVPP
PNP
CInflS
N
NPVP
PP
NQualVPNP
VPN
Thegirlheoftenquarrelswithwhommajorsinlinguistics
SurfaceStructure
CP
CS
NPVP
DetNCPVPP
PNP
CS
N
NPNPInflVP
PP
NNQualVPNP
VPN
Thegirlwhomheoftenquarrelswithemajorsinlinguistics
8.Thederivationsofthefollowingsentencesinvolvetheinversiontransformation.Givethedeepstructureandthesurfacestructuretreesforeachofthesesentences.
a）Wouldyoucometomorrow?
Deepstructure
CP
CS
VP
NPAdvP
NInflVAdv
youwouldcometomorrow
Surfacestructure
CP
CS
VP
NPAdvP
Infl
NInflVAdv
wouldyouecometomorrow
b）Canyoupassmethenewspaper?
Deepstructure
CP
CS
VP
NPNPNP
NInflVNDetN
youcanpassmethenewspaper
Surfacestructure
CP
CS
VP
InflNPNPNP
NInflVNDetN
Canyouepassmethenewspaper
c）Shouldthestudentsreporttheincident?
Deepstructure
CP
CS
VP
NPNP
DetNInflVDetN
thestudentsshouldreporttheincident
Surfacestructure
CP
CS
VP
InflNPNP
DetNInflVDetN
shouldthestudentsereporttheincident
d）Whatdidyoueatforlunch?
Deepstructure
CP
CS
VP
NPPP
NPNP
NInflVP
NN
youdideatwhatforlunch
Surfacestructure
CP
NPCS
VP
InflNPPP
NPNP
NNInflVP
NN
whatdidyoueeateforlunch
e）Whoshouldthisbereportedto?
Deepstructure
CP
CS
VP
NPPP
VPNP
NInflVVP
N
thisshouldbereportedtowhom
Surfacestructure
CP
NPCS
VP
NInflNPPP
VPNP
NInflVVP
N
whomshouldthisebereportedtoe
f）WhatwasHelenbringingtotheparty?
Deepstructure
CP
CS
VP
NPPP
NPNP
NInflVP
NDetN
Helenwasbringingwhattotheparty
Surfacestructure
CP
NPCS
VP
NInflNPPP
NPNP
NInflVP
NDetN
whatwasHelenebringingetotheparty
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