文化差异与跨文化交际.ppt

文化差异与跨文化交际.ppt

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Lesson10TheGreenBanana,CulturalGapandInter-culturalCommunication文化差异与跨文化交际,EthnocentrismCulturalChauvinismRelativismRacism,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,II.Ethnocentrismandotherrelatedterms,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Ethnicreferstoculturalheritage,andcentrismreferstothecentralstartingpointorthetendencyofpeopletoputtheirowngroupatthecenter.Thus,ethnocentrismbasicallyreferstojudgingothergroupsfromonesownculturalpointofview,ormisinterpretingotherculturesbecauseoneusestheconceptsofhisownculture.,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Ethnocentrism（种族优越论）,II.Ethnocentrismandotherrelatedterms,Ethnocentrismcanleadtomakingfalseassumptionsaboutotherswaysbasedononesownlimitedexperience.Thekeywordisassumptions,becausewearenotevenawarethatwearebeingethnocentric.Thatispeopledontunderstandthattheydontunderstand.Forexample,AmericanpeopleoftentalkaboutBritishdriversdrivingonthewrongsideoftheroad.Theydontjustsay,oppositesideorevenlefthandside.Everybodycanbeethnocentric,asallofusaroundtheworldassumethingsaboutotherpeoplesways.,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Ethnocentrism（种族优越论）,II.Ethnocentrismandotherrelatedterms,Ethnocentrismmaymanifestitselfinattitudesofsuperiorityorsometimeshostility.Violence,discrimination,proselytizing,andverbalaggressivenessareothermeanswherebyethnocentrismmaybeexpressed.Whyarepeopleethnocentric?

Itisnormaltoassumethingsonthebasisofonesownexperience,althoughitissometimeswrong.Peoplesperceptionsofcolors,timeframes,valuesonindustriousness,socialroles,andbeliefsaboutLifeandtheUniverseprovideimportantmeaningsindailylife.Therefore,peopleslimitedexperiencestheyhavealreadyhadarethebasisforinterpretingnewexperiences,andinthecaseofothersbehaviors.,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Ethnocentrism（种族优越论）,II.Ethnocentrismandotherrelatedterms,Whatistheproblemwithethnocentrism?

Ethnocentrismleadspeopletomakefalseassumptionsaboutotherpeoples.Peopleareethnocentricwhentheyusetheirculturalnormsasauniversalyardsticktomakegeneralizationsaboutotherpeoplesculturesandcustoms.Peopleofoneculturemayfalselydistortwhatismeaningfulandfunctionaltootherpeoplesthroughhisowntintedglasses.Atthebest,peoplesimplycontinueinhisunawareness.Youmaybewellmeaningininterethnicrelations,butcanunintentionallyoffendothers,generateillfeelings,andevensetupsituationsthatharmothers.Ethnocentrismisevidentininternationalrelations,creatingconflictsandinhibitingresolutionofconflicts.Thereareextremeformsofethnocentrismthatposeserioussocialproblems,suchasracism,chauvinism,andethniccleansing.Theseviewsaregenerallycondemnedbytheworldcommunity,butregularcasescanbeseeninthenews.,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Ethnocentrism（种族优越论）,II.Ethnocentrismandotherrelatedterms,Whatcanwedoaboutethnocentrism?

Addressingethnocentrismisnotamatterofjusttryingnottobeethnocentric.Sincepeoplewillneverexperienceeverylifesituationofeveryonearoundtheworld,assumptionsaboutlifearebasedonexistinglimitedexperience.Amoreeffectivewayistocatchyourselfwhenyouarebeingethnocentricandseektodevelopbetterunderstandings.Oncewerealizethatwearenotunderstanding,wearenowinabetterpositiontoseekmorevalidandbalancedunderstandings.,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Ethnocentrism（种族优越论）,II.Ethnocentrismandotherrelatedterms,ChauvinismisawordderivedfromthenameofNicolasChauvin,asoldieroftheFirstFrenchEmpire.UsedfirstforapassionateadmirationofNapoleon,itnowexpressesexaggeratedandaggressivenationalism.Asasocialphenomenon,chauvinismisessentiallymodern,becomingmarkedintheeraofacutenationalrivalriesandimperialismbeginninginthe19thcentury.Chauvinismexaltsconsciousnessofnationality,spreadshatredofminoritiesandothernations,andisassociatedwithmilitarism,imperialism,andracism.Inthe1960s,theterm“malechauvinist”appearedinthewomensliberationmovement;itisappliedtomaleswhorefusetoregardfemalesasequals.,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Chauvinism（沙文主义）,II.Ethnocentrismandotherrelatedterms,Racismisthebeliefthatraceaccountsfordifferencesinhumancharacterorabilityandthataparticularraceissuperiortoothers.Sometimes,thistermisalsousedtorefertodiscriminationorprejudicebasedonrace.,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Racism（种族主义）,II.Ethnocentrismandotherrelatedterms,Ethnocentrismisoftenlinkedtoasociologicaltheorycalledculturalrelativism.Culturalrelativistsassertthatconceptsaresociallyconstructedandvarycross-culturally.Theseconceptsmayincludesuchfundamentalnotionsaswhatisconsideredtrue,morallycorrect,andwhatconstitutesknowledgeorevenrealityitself.,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,CulturalRelativism（文化相对主义）,II.Ethnocentrismandotherrelatedterms,CulturalRelativismisanattempttounderstandtheculturaldevelopmentofsocietiesandsocialgroupsontheirownterms,thatis,withouttryingtoimposeabsoluteideasofmoralvalueortryingtomeasuredifferentculturalvariationsintermsofsomeformofabsoluteculturalstandard.Thismaybeapositivevalueintermsofinterethnicrelations.Byculturalrelativism,allculturesareequallyworthyofrespectandinstudyinganotherculturepeopleneedtosuspendjudgment,empathizeandtryandunderstandthewaythatparticularcultureseestheworld.,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,CulturalRelativism,II.Ethnocentrismandotherrelatedterms,Inthissense,underspecificcircumstances,anyformofhumanbehaviorcanappeartobegoodorbad.Peopleshouldsuspendjudgment,investigate,andtrytobeculturallyrelativeinordertoreachathoughtfulpersonaljudgment.CulturalRelativismisagoodapproachtodismantleethnocentrism,chauvinismandracism.,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,TheendofEthnocentrism.,CulturalRelativism,II.Ethnocentrismandotherrelatedterms,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Inter-culturalUnderstanding,Theworldoftodayisdrasticallydifferentfromthatoftwenty,orevenfiveyearsago.Theinfluenceofeconomicglobalization,thetechnologicaldevelopmentandtheculturalexchangessetsthescene.Thisdevelopmentdemandsacompletelynewapproachtoanytypeofinternationalrelations.Nomatterwhoyouareorwhereyoulive,nomatterwhatnationorcultureyoucomefrom,youwillneedtorecognizeoneveryimportanttruthwhenyoucommunicatewithpeopleinothercountries.Otherpeoplemaydresslikeyou,speakthesamelanguage,butarenotjustlikeyou.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Youmaycommunicatewithpeoplethathaveverydifferenthistories,languages,andwaysofdoingandthinking.Theymayhaveadifferentsenseoftime,andadifferentsenseofhumor.Theymayhavedifferentwaysofexpressingfeelings,anddifferentperceptionsofmanythingsintheworld.Inaword,theyhavedifferentcultures.,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Inter-culturalUnderstanding,Pleasethinkaboutyourownrelevantexperience.,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Socialissuesformthebackboneofanyculture.Peopleindifferentcountriesconducttheirlivesindifferentways.Itisfarbettertoknowtherulesthantoriskoffendinganyone.Forexample,peopleshouldknowsomethingaboutthecountrytheyarevisitingitshistory,itspeople,itsheritage.Thepreparationhelpspeoplemakeconversationandlearnmorefromtheexperience.Inaddition,itisasignofrespectforthoseyouaremeeting.Inter-culturalunderstandingdoesnotcomeovernight.Itwillonlycomewithpreparation,effort,andanopenmind.,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Inter-culturalUnderstanding,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Pleasethinkaboutyourownrelevantexperience.,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,China,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Inter-culturalUnderstanding,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Inter-culturalUnderstanding,Britain,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Inter-culturalUnderstanding,Egypt,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Inter-culturalUnderstanding,Greece,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Inter-culturalUnderstanding,Italy,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Inter-culturalUnderstanding,Morocco,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Inter-culturalUnderstanding,Nigeria,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Inter-culturalUnderstanding,B,T,L,E,W,Paris,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Inter-culturalUnderstanding,Russia,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Inter-culturalUnderstanding,SouthAfrica,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Inter-culturalUnderstanding,Switzerland,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Inter-culturalUnderstanding,Australia,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,TheendoftheInter-culturalunderstanding.,Inter-culturalUnderstanding,Greenland,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,CultureShock,Clickthepictureformoreinformation.,Lesson10TheGreenBanana,CultureShock,_,Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.,Theterm,cultureshock,wasintroducedforthefirsttimein1958todescribetheanxietyproducedwhenapersonmovestoacompletelynewenvironment.Thistermexpressesthelackofdirection,thefeelingofnotknowingwhattodoorhowtodothingsinanewenvironment,andnotknowingwhatisapprop