英语语言学概论自考.docx

英语语言学概论自考.docx

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英语语言学概论自考

1.Whatarethedifferencebetweengenerallinguisticsanddescriptivelinguisticsandwhatsistherelationshipbetweenthem?

A:

Differencesbetweengeneralanddescriptivelinguistics:

（1）Theyhavedifferentgoals:

Generallinguisticsdealswithlanguage;descriptivelinguisticsstudyoneparticularlanguage;

（2）Theyhavedifferentaims:

Generallinguisticsaimsatdevelopingatheorythatdescribestherulesofhumanlanguageingeneral;

Descriptivelinguisticsattemptstoestablishamodelthatdescribestherulesofthisparticularlanguage.

Relationshipsbetweengeneralanddescriptivelinguistics:

Generalanddescriptivelinguisticsdependoneachother:

（1）Generallinguisticsprovidesdescriptivelinguisticswithageneralframeworkinwhichaparticularlanguagecanbeanalyzedanddescribed;

（2）Theresultingdescriptionsofparticularlanguagessupplyempiricalevidencewhichmayconfirmorrefutethemodelsputforwardbygenerallinguists.

2.Whatisthenatureoflanguage?

（P7）

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbols,whichiscreative,double-structuredandchangeable.

3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenlangueandparole?

（P2/P24）

a.Langueisthesystemoflanguage.Paroleisthespeakers’speech.

b.Languereferstotheabstractsystemofalanguage,whileparolereferstotheconcreteactofspeakinginadefinitetime,placeandsituation.

c.Langueunderliesparoleandparole,inturn,isamanifestationoflangue.

4.Whatisthedifferencebetweencompetenceandperformance?

（P2）

a.Competenceisthespeaker-hearer’sknowledgeofhislanguage.

b.Performanceistheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.

c.Competenceisabstract,whileperformanceisconcrete.

5.Whydolinguistsmaintainthatlanguageisprimarilyspeech?

（P4）

Linguistsmaintainthatlanguageisprimarilyspeech,andnotthewrittenform.Thisviewmaybejustifiedbythefollowingreasons.

a.Biologicallyspeaking,childrenbegintolearntospeakmuchearlierthantolearntoreadandwrite.

b.Functionallyspeaking,thespokenformisusedmorefrequentlythanthewrittenforminourdailylife.

c.Historicallyspeaking,allhumanlanguageswerespokenbeforetheywerewrittenandtherearestillmanylanguagesintheworldtodaywhichhavenotbeenwrittendown.

Theemphasisonthespokenformindicatesthatlinguisticstudyisprimarilybasedonthedatacollectedfromlivingspeech.

6.Whatdoesitmeanbysayingthatlanguageisarbitrary,creativeanddouble-structured?

（P4-5）

A.Therelationshipbetweenthesoundsandtheirmeaningisarbitrary.

B.Languageiscreative.

a.Everylanguagecontainsaninfinitenumberofsentences,which,however,aregeneratedbyasmallsetofrulesandafinitesetofwords.

b.Thelengthofasentencehasnolimitintheory.

c.Theruleswithrecursiveproperlycanaccountforthecreativeaspectoflanguage.

C.Languageisdouble-structured.Therearetwolevels:

grammatically-meaningfulandsound-meaningless.

7.Whatfeaturesoflanguagecandifferentiatehumanlanguagesfromanimalcommunicativesystems?

（P7）

Humanlanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbols,whichiscreative,double-structuredandchangeable.Thoseuniquefeatureslikecreativity,dualityofstructureandchangeabilitycandifferentiatehumanlanguagesfromanimalcommunicativesystemsandenablehumanlanguagestobethemostefficient,flexibleandversatilemeansofcommunicationintheworld.

8.Howmanystagesdoesthescientificmethodhave?

Whatarethey?

（P9）

Therearefourstagesofscientificmethod:

a.collectingdata,

b.formingahypothesis

c.testingthehypothesis

d.drawingconclusions

9.Whatarethethreelinguisticbiases?

（P9-10,P7）

a.Onecommonlinguisticbiasisthatsomelanguagesareprimitiveandsomelanguagesareadvanced.

b.Anotherdeep-rootedbiasisthatonlythestandardvarietyisthepureformofalanguage.

c.Changeisnotnaturalforalllivinglanguagesandsuchalanguageisasignofcorruptionanddecay.

10.Howisaruleconstructed?

（P15）

a.Toconstructarule,thelinguiststartswithcollectingdata.

b.Basedonthedatacollected,hemayconstructaverysimpleruleasatentativeversion.

c.Thenheexaminesthetentativeruleagainstfurtherdata.Iftheadditionaldatadonotagreewithit,hehastomodifyit.

d.Hekeepsontestingtheruleand,accordingly,revisingtheruleuntiltherulecanaccountforalltherelevantdatacollected.

Thus,theruleformedisopentofurthermodifications.

11.Giveexamplestoillustratethetwofeaturesofanadequatemodelofcompetence:

explicitnessandgenerativeness.（P15-16/P6）

a.Bysayingalinguisticmodelisexplicit,wemeanthattherulesthemodelcontainsareclearlyandpreciselydefined.Evenacomputercanproduceallandonlythegrammaticalsentencesiftherulesarefedtothemachine.

b.Bysayingthemodelisgenerative,wemeanthatthemodelcontainsonlyasmallsetofruleswhich,however,cangenerateanindefinitelylargenumberofsentences.

c.Forexample,“so…that”isexplicit,buttheycangenerateinfinitesentences.

eg.Heissofatthathecouldnotranfast.

Hewassolazythatheneverwashedhisclothes.

…

12.Whatarethefourtypesoflinguisticknowledge?

（P18-19）

Thefourtypesoflinguisticknowledgearephonological,morphological,syntacticandsemantic.

a.Phonologicalknowledgeisanativespeaker’sintuitionaboutthesoundsandsoundpatternsofhislanguage.

b.Morphologicalknowledgeisanativespeaker’sintuitionabouthowawordisformed.

c.Syntacticknowledgeisanativespeaker’sintuitionaboutwhetherasentenceisgrammaticalornot.

c.Semanticknowledgeisanativespeaker’sintuitionaboutthemeaningoflanguage.

13.WhyisSaussreregardedastheformerofmodernlinguistics?

（P21-22）

a.Theobviousreasonisthatthebookunderhisname“ACourseinGeneralLinguistics”isthefirstrealessayonlinguistictheory.

b.Inthisbook,quiteafewtheoreticaldistinctionsintroducedhavebecomefoundationsoflinguisticstudyandexertedgreatinfluenceonthelaterdevelopmentlinguistics.

c.Chiefamongthemarethedistinctionsbetweensynchronicanddiachronic,syntagmaticandparadigmatic,langueandparole.

14.Giveexamplestoillustratethedifferencebetweensynchronicanddiachronic.（P22）

a.IfwestudythechangesintheChineselanguagethattookplacebetweenthe1940’sandthe1960’s,itwouldbeadiachronicstudy.

b.ButifwestudytheChineselanguageinthe1940’s,thenitwouldbeasynchronicstudy.

c.Themajordifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachesistheformerisconcernedwiththehistoricaldevelopmentofalanguageandthelatterisconcernedwiththe“state”ofalanguageataparticularpointoftime.

15.Giveexamplestoillustratethedifferencebetweensyntagmaticandparadigmatic.（P116-118/P22-23）

a.Asyntagmaticrelationreferstothesequentialcharacteristicofspeech.

b.Aparadigmaticrelationisarelationbetweenalinguisticelementinanutteranceandlinguisticelementsoutsidethatutterance.

c.Wecangotomorrowsyntagmaticrelation

Shemaycomesoon

Iwillasknext

Youcouldsleepnow

………paradigmaticrelation

16.Whatisaconsonantandwhatisavowel?

（P30）

a.Aconsonantisaspeechsoundwheretheairstreamfromthelongsiseithercompletelyblocked,partiallyblockedorwheretheopeningissonarrowthattheairescapeswithaudiblefriction.

b.Avowelisaspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamfromthelungsisnotblockedinanywayinthemouthorthroat,andwhichisusuallypronouncedwithvibrationsofthevocalcords.

17.IsthespellingofwordsareliablemeansofdescribingEnglishsounds?

WhyorWhynot?

（P30-31）

No,itisn’t.

a.Sometimesasinglelettermayrepresentdifferentsounds.

b.Sometimes,differentlettersorcombinationsoflettersmayr4epresentasinglesound.

c.Theadvantageofthissystemisthatwithinthesystem,onesymbolrepresentsonesoundandeverysymbolhasaconsistentvalue.

18.Whatisthedifferencebetweenplosivesandaffricates?

（P37）

a.Plosivesaresuddenlyseparatedandtheairstreamgoesoutwithaplosion.

b.Affricatesarebroughttogethertoformacompleteclosurebutnotfollowedbyasuddenrelease,ratherbyalowreleasewithaudilefriction.

19.Whatisthedifferencebetweenphoneticsandphonology?

（P20,P53）

a.EnglishphoneticsisconcernedwithallspeechsoundsthatoccurintheEnglishlanguage.Itstudieshowthosesoundsareproduced,transmittedandperceived,andhowtheyredescribedandclassified.

b.DifferentfromEnglishphonetics,EnglishphonologydoesnotdealwiththeactualproductionofEnglishsounds,butwiththeabstractaspects:

thefunctionofsoundsandtheirpatternsofcombination.

20.Whatarethethreeconditionsofaminimalpair?

（P54）

a.Theyaredifferentinmeaning

b.Theydifferonlyinonesoundsegment.

c.Thedifferentsoundsoccurinthesamepositioninstrings.

21.Giveexamplestoillustratethedifferencesbetweenphonemes,phonesandallophones.（P90）

a.Phonemesaresaidtobeminimaldistinctiveunitsinthesoundsystemofalanguage.

b.Phonesaretherealizationsofphonemes.

c.Allophonesaretherealizationsofaparticularphoneme.

d.Forexample,

22.Giveexamplestoillustratethedifferencesbetweencontrastivedistribution,complementarydistributionandfreevariation.（P59-60）

a.Iftwoormoresoundscanoccurinthesameenvironmentandthesubstitutionofonesoundforanotherbringsaboutachangeinmeaning,theyareincontrastivedistribution.

b.Iftwoormoresoundsneverappearinthesameenvironment,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

c.Iftwoormoresoundscanoccurinthesameenvironmentandthe