研究生入学考试英语试题一研究生入学考试英语.docx

研究生入学考试英语试题一研究生入学考试英语.docx

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研究生入学考试英语试题一研究生入学考试英语

2021年研究生入学考试英语试题一_2021年研究生入学考试英语

20__年研究生入学考试英语

（一）真题及参考答案

Section1UseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosetheword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）

Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan’trememberthekeysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintance’sname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrainwerefertotheseoccurrencesan“seniormoments.”

Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.Itmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo,andtherightmentalcansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive.Thinkingisessentiallyaofmakingmarkingthemadethrougheffortandpractice,scientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandand

“braintrainingprogram”designedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheir

attentionskills.Theprogramkeepsofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedbackyourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantly,itmodifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplaytoonthestrengthsyouareandvaryyourmuscleuse.1.[A]where2.[A]improves3.[A]If4.[A]uneven5.[A]wellbeing6.[A]turns7.[A]roundabouts8.[A]genre

[B]when[B]fades[B]Unless[B]limited[B]environment[B]finds[B]responses[B]functions

[C]that[C]recovers[C]Once[C]damaging[C]relationship[C]points[C]workouts[C]circumstances[D]why[D]collapses[D]While[D]obscure[D]outlook[D]figures

[D]associations[D]criterion

9.[A]channel10.[A]persist11.[A]Therefore12.[A]accordingto13.[A]back14.[A]sharpness15.[A]forces16.[A]hold17.[A]to18.[A]irregularly19.[A]carry20.[A]risky

[B]condition[B]believe[B]Moreover[B]regardlessof[B]further[B]stability[B]reminds[B]track[B]with[B]habitually[B]put[B]effective

[C]sequence[C]excel

[C]Otherwise[C]apartfrom[C]aside[C]framework[C]hurries[C]order[C]for[C]constantly[C]build[C]idle

[D]process[D]feature

[D]However[D]insteadof[D]around[D]flexibility[D]allows[D]pace[D]on

[D]unusually[D]take[D]familiar

Section2Readingprehension

PartA

Directions：

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）Text1

Inorderto“changelivesforthebetter”andreduce“dependency”,GeorgeOsbome,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe“upfrontworksearch”scheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV.registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefit-andthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable?

Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseekersallowance.“Therefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon.”he4claimed,“Weredoingthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster.”Help?

Really?

Onfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,pletewith“reforms”toanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork,andsubsidiseslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstand,washiszealfor“fundamentalfairness”-protectingthetaxpayer,controllingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits.

Losingajobishurting:

youdontskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyourinefromthegenerousstate.Itisfinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;youarenow

excludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucialinetofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:

ajob.

ButinOsbomeland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency-permanentdependencyifyoucangetit-supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase“jobseekersallowance”isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasa“jobseeker”whohadnofundamentalrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited“allowance,”conditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsurance,at$71.70aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousintheEU.

21.GeorgeOsborne’sschemewasintendedto

[A]providetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefits.

[B]encouragejobseekersactiveengagementinjobseeking.

[C]motivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarily.

[D]guaranteejobseekerslegitimaterighttobenefits.

22.Thephrase“tosignon“mostprobablymeans

[A]tocheckontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobcentre.

[B]toacceptthegovernment’srestrictionontheallowance.

[C]toregisterforanallowanceformthegovernment.

[D]toattendagovernmentjob-trainingprogram.

23.Whatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme?

[A]Adesiretosecureabetterlifeforall

[B]Aneagernesstoprotecttheunemployed.

[C]Anurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants.

[D]Apassiontoensurefairnessfortaxpayers.

24.AccordingtoParagraph3，beingunemployedmakesonefeel

[A]uneasy

[B]enraged

[C]insulted

[D]guilty

25.Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?

[A]TheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekerslaziness.

[B]Osborne’sreformswillreducetheriskofunemployment.

[C]Thejobseekers’allowancehasmettheiractualneeds.

[D]Unemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional.

Text2

Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession-withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforplaintthanAmerica.

DuringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisisspendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadbeethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostlynightmare.

Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstatesafour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubject,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthebarexam.Thisleavestodaysaveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$1000,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard.

Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalongtime,butthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyastemenoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird.

Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofession,butopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically.

Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandimproveservicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirmsefficiency.

Afterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,havestartedliberalizingtherelegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow.

26.Alotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessiondueto

[A]thegrowingdemandfromclients.

[B]theincreasingpressureofinflation.

[C]theprospectofworkinginbigfirms.

[D]theattractionoffinancialrewards.

27.WhichofthefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostAmericanstates?

[A]Highertuitionfeesforundergraduatestudies.

[B]Admissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation.

[C]Pursuingabachelor’sdegreeinanothermajor.

[D]Receivingtrainingbyprofessionalassociations.

28.Hindrancetothereformofthelegalsystemoriginatesfrom

[A]lawyers’andclients’strongresistance.

[B]therigidbodiesgoverningtheprofession.

[C]thesternexamforwould-belawyers.

[D]non-professionals’sharpcriticism.

29.Theguild-likeownershipstructureisconsidered“restrictive”partlybecauseit

[A]bansoutsiders’involvementintheprofession.

[B]keepslawyersfromholdinglaw-firmshares.

[C]aggravatestheethicalsituationinthetrade.

[D]preventslawyersfromgainingdueprofits.

30.Inthistext,theauthormainlydiscusses

[A]flawedownershipofAmerica’slawfirmsandcauses.

[