EnglishLiterature南师大英国文学笔记.docx
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EnglishLiterature南师大英国文学笔记
BriefIntroduction
1.OldEnglishPeriod:
WilliamShakespeare（1564—1616）
2.Restoration,Englishrevolution,thebourgeoisDictatorship（王朝复辟）:
JohnMilton（1608—1674）
3.TheRiseofFiction（小说伊始）:
DanielDefoe（1660—1731）
JonathanSwift（1667—1745）
HenryFielding（1707—1754）
4.Pre-Romanticism:
RobertBurns（1759—1796）
WilliamBlake（1757—1827）
5.Romanticism（1798—1832）:
WilliamWordsworth（1770—1850）
GeorgeGordon,LordByron（1788—1824）
PercyByssheShelley（1792—1822）
JohnKeats（1795—1821）
6.Criticalrealism——【VictorianAge（1832—1901）】:
JaneAusten（1775—1817）批判现实主义作家，但不属于维多利亚时期
CharlesDickens（1812—1870）
WilliamMakepeaceThackeray（1811—1863）
EmilyBronte（1818—1848）
ThomasHardy（1840—1928）维多利亚时期向现实主义过度时期
OscarWilde（1854—1900）
JohnGalsworthy（1867—1933）
GeorgeBernardShaw（1856—1950）批判现实主义但不属于维多利亚时期
7.Modernism:
D.H.Lawrence（1885—1930）
WilliamButlerYeats（1865—1939）
JamesJoyce（1882—1941）
VirginiaWoolf（1882—1941）
WilliamSomersetMaugham（1874—1965）
ThomasStearnsEliot（1888—1965）
JohnBoyntonPriestley（1894—1984）
LouisMacNeice（1907—1963）
OldEnglishPeriod:
WilliamShakespeare
WilliamShakespeare（1564—1616）
★LiteraryAchievements:
·37plays,
·2narrativepoems,
·154sonnets（Sonnets1-126addressedtoayoungman,Sonnets127-152addressedto“DarkLady”,Sonnets153-154addressedtoCupid,theGodofloveinGreekmythology）
★LiteraryPosition:
·“notofanage,butforalltime”,
·thegreatestgiantofEnglishlanguageandpoeticform,
·oneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliterature,
·oneofthegreatestwritersintheworld’sliterature.
▲Sonnet:
1.What’sasonnet?
Apoemin14lines;originatedinItaly,aformverypopularinRenaissanceEurope,especiallyinItaly,FranceandEngland;introducedtoEnglandbyThomasWyatt（怀亚特）andtheEarlofSurrey（塞莱）.
2.Byrhymescheme,sonnetscanbeclassifiedinto2styles:
TheItalianorPetrarchansonnet（意大利型或彼得拉克型）&TheShakespearianorEnglishsonnet（英国或莎士比亚型）
①Thefirsteightlines—octave:
thethemeisputforwardoraquestionisraised;thenextsixlines—sestet,theanswertothetheme【abbaabbacdcdcd（cdecde）】
②Threequatrains（四行诗）—thethemeisputforwardanddeveloped;thecouplet（两行诗）—asurprisingconclusionorashiftofideas【ababcdcdefefgg】
▲Plays（4periods）
1.Firstperiod（1592-1594）:
Hisapprenticeshipinplays.
Historicalplays:
KingHenryVI《亨利六世》,RichardⅢ《查理三世》
Comedies:
Love’sLabour’sLost《爱的徒劳》
2.Secondperiod（1595-1600）:
Matureperiod,amarkedincreaseintheknowledgeofhumanism
（4大喜剧）:
AMidsummerNight’sDream
TheMerchantofVenice
AsYouLikeIt,TwelfthNight
RomeoandJuliet
3.Thirdperiod（1601-1608）:
Flourishingperiod,aperiodofgloomyanddepression
（4大悲剧）:
Hamlet
Othello
KingLear
Macbeth
4.Fourthperiod（1608-1612）:
Theperiodofromanticdramaintheformoftragicomedies
Reconciliationplays:
TheWinter’sTale《冬天的童话》,TheTempest
TheMerchantofVenice
—WilliamShakespeare
1.ThecharacterofShylock:
2.Stone-heartedandpitiless;Inhuman;Stubborn;Malicious;Revengeful;Eloquent,quick-mindedandflexible;Religiouspious
2.Themeoftheplay:
·topraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,
·toidealizePortiaasaheroineofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,
·toeulogizethetriumphoffriendshipandloveovergreedandavarice,goodoverevil,humanityoverinhumanity,commercialcapitalismoverthefeudalpracticeofusury,
·asatireontheChristianhypocrisyandtheirfalsestandardsoffriendshipandlove,theircunningwaysofpursuingworldlinessandtheirunreasoningprejudiceagainsttheJews.
Restoration,Englishrevolution,thebourgeoisDictatorship（王朝复辟）
JohnMilton
★Historicalbackground
1.TheEnglishrevolutionandtheRestoration.
·Causes:
theconflictbetweenthemonarchandParliament;thepersecutionofthePuritans
2.ThebourgeoisDictatorshipandtheRestoration
·GloriousRevolution—abloodlessrevolution
·Theconstitutionalmonarchy.
JohnMilton（1608—1674）
★LiteraryAchievements
▲Pamphlets
·TheDefenseoftheEnglishPeople（1650）
·TheSecondDefenseoftheEnglishPeople（1650）
▲Poems
·ParadiseLost《失乐园》（1667）:
hismasterpiece——ThegreatestepicinEnglishliterature.
·ParadiseRegained（1671）《复乐园》
·SamsonAgonistes（1671）《力士参孙》
★LiteraryPosition
·AmasteroftheBlankverse
·ThegreatestEnglishrevolutionarypoetofthe17thcentury
·OneofthegreatestpoetsoftheEnglishlanguage
ParadiseLost
—JohnMilton
1.Introduction
·Longepicin12books
·Writteninblankverse
·BasedonGenesis《创世纪》intheOldTestament
·DramatizestheBiblicalaccountofhumanity’sbanishment.
2.Theme
—Milton’saimedpurpose:
“justifythewaysofGodtoman”（昭示天道对人的公正）
—Realpurpose:
challengetherestoredmonarch
·God—tyrannical,representstheking
·Satan—rebellingagainstmonarch
·LovebetweenAdamandEve—humanpursuitforhappiness,thespiritofRenaissance
3.Writingfeatures
—Miltonstyle:
Sonority洪亮,Eloquence雄辩,Majesty尊严,Grandeur壮美
·Theblankverse
·Longandinvolvedsentences
—Latinatestyle
·Inversion
·Allusion
TheRiseofFiction
DanielDefoe（1660-1731）
JonathanSwift（1667-1745）
HenryFielding（1707-1754）
※Fiction
Themainstreamof18thcenturyliterature,&Theriseandgrowthofrealisticnovel—themostprominentachievementof18thcenturyEnglishliterature
DanielDefoe（1660-1731）:
Fatherofmodernjournalism,&“jack-of-all-traders”
★LiteraryAchievements:
——RobinsonCrusoe（1719）
·Defoe’smasterpiece
·ThefirstEnglishnovelinarealsense
·ThefirstEnglishrealisticnovel
RobinsonCrusoe
—DanielDefoe
1.Theme:
—tosingthepraisesofhumanlabor
—tocelebratethestrengthofhumanrationalwilltoconquerthenaturalenvironment
—tobeautifycolonialism&Negroslavery
2.Plot:
runawayfromhome→becomeasailor→aplanterinBrazil→toanuninhabitedislandbecauseofshipwreck→madealivingthereallbyhimself→saveanegronamedFridaywhobecamehisservant→backtoEngland→visittheremoteislandagainandFridaywaskilled
3.RobinsonCrusoe’scharacterization:
typicaloftherisingEnglishbourgeoisclass,practical,diligent,arestlesscuriositytoknowmoreabouttheworldandadesiretoproveindividualpowerinthefaceofsocialandnaturalchallenges;shrewd,careaboutmoneyandgoodatmanaging;courageousandintelligenttoovercomeallkindsofobstacles
4.Style:
journalistictruthwithmanyvividdetails,simpleandplainsentencestructureandlanguage,firstpersonpointofview,naturalorderinnarration,makingthestoryintimatetothereadersandbecomepopularamonglowerclasses
JonathanSwift（1667-1745）
★LiteraryAchievements
▲Books
·TheBattleofBooks《书籍之战》
·ATaleofTub《一个桶子的故事》
·Guliver’sTravels《格列佛游记》
——hismasterpiece:
asatireonthewholeEnglishsocietyofthe18thcentury.
▲Pamphlets
·TheDraper’sLetters《一个布商的书信》
·AModestProposal《一个温和的建议》
——（AModestProposalforPreventingtheChildrenofPoorPeopleinIrelandfromBeingaBurdentoTheirParents）
Guliver’sTravels
1.Plot:
PartI:
AVoyagetoLilliput
PartII:
AVoyagetoBrobdingnag
PartIII:
AVoyagetoLaputa,Balnibarbi,Glubbdubdrib,LuggnaggandJapan
PartIV:
AVoyagetotheCountryoftheHouyhnhnms
2.Whataretheimpliedideastheauthortriedtoconveybythischapter?
TheauthorbelievedReasonwasveryimportantforhumanbeing.Ifhuman’sdesiresaren’tcontrolledbyreason,humanwillbecomedisgustinglikeyahoosonedayinthefuture.
3.StyleofSwift’sprose:
Hisprosestyleissimple,clearandvigorous.Hisfamoussaying“Properwordsinproperplaces,makesthetruedefinitionofastyle”influencedalotlaterwriters.
HenryFielding（1707-1754）
★LiteraryAchievements
·JosephAndrews《约瑟夫安德鲁斯》
—Fielding’sfirstnovel
—Parody（satiricalimitation）ofRichardson’sPamela《帕米拉》/《贞洁得报》
—Acomicepicpoeminprose
·JonathanWildtheGreat《大伟人江奈生魏尔德传》
·TheHistoryofTomJones,AFounding《弃儿汤姆琼斯》
·Amelia《阿米利亚》
★LiteraryPosition
·ThefatherofEnglishnovel
—ThefounderofEnglishrealisticnovel-settingupthetheoryofrealisminliteraryposition.
—Establishingonceforalltheformofthemodernnovel.
★WritingFeatures
·Third-personnarration第三人称叙述
·Satire
·Humanportraits&dialogue
·Theeducationalfunctionofthenovel
—Thepurposeofthenovelisnotonlytoamuse,butalsotoinstruct.
※Parody
Writing,music,artsomethingsaid,etc,whichintentionallycopiesthestyleofsomeonefamousorcopiesaparticularsituation,makingthefeaturesorqualitiesoftheoriginalmorenoticeableinawaythatishumorous.为嘲弄某作者或某作品而作成的模仿滑稽作品
TheHistoryofTomJones,AFounding
·Fielding’smasterpiece,showingthewholelifeof18thcenturyEnglandasshesawit.
·18booksdividedinto3partswith6ineach.
·Country-versus-citymotif
—thecountryside:
thebasicgoodnessofhumanrace
—thecity:
evilandsin
·Anallegorical（寓言的）novel
The18thCentury（1688-1798）
★HistoricalBackground
1.Comparativelypeacefuldevelopmentundertheconstitutionalmonarchy
·AcompromisebetweenToryandWhig
·TheleadingnavelpowerinEurope
2.TheIndustrialRevolution工业革命
·Unprecedentedtechnicalinnovations
·Rapidgrowthofindustryandcommerce
★TheEnlightenment
1.AnintellectualmovementinEuropebeganinthelate17thand18thcenturiesandendedwiththeFrenchrevolutionof1789
—OriginatedinFrance,representedbyMontesquieu,Voltaire,Diderot,Rousseau
—AnexpressionofstruggleofbourgeoisieagainstFeudalism
2.Theinfluenceofscienceandphilosophy
—Newton’sdiscoveryofuniversalgravitation
—JohnLocke
·Knowledgeisnotinnate,but
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