级 writing II review.docx

级 writing II review.docx

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级writingIIreview

Waysfordevelopingparagraphs

Byexampleorgeneralization

forexample;forinstance;suchas;foronething;toillustrate

first/second/third;finally;moreover;and;besides;inaddition;what’smore;furthermore;mostimportantly;inparticular;ingeneral;inmostcasesgenerallyspeaking;onthewhole;inotherwords;asfollows;inthisinstance

asanexample;take______forexample;consider______forexample

Bycomparisonandcontrast

like,alike,as,justas,similar,unlike,incontrastto,inoppositionto,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand

Bycauseandeffect

so,consequently,thus,therefore,accordingly,becauseof,forthisreason,owingto,asaresult

Bytime

Somespecialtimebeforetheaction

Adj.:

earlier,former,preceding,previous;

Adv.:

already,asyet,before,earlier,first,formerly,previously,sofar,yet;

prepphrases:

beforethat,beforethen,untilnow

Someactionsaftersomespecialtime

Adj.:

following,later,next;

Adv.:

afterwards,again（=afterthat）,immediately,later,next,since,then;

prepphrases:

afterthat,sincethen

Byprocess

firstorfirstofall,ononehand,nextorsecond;ontheotherhand,then，now，finallyoratlast，asaresult

Byspace

above,acrossfrom,adjacentto,around,before,below,beyond,beneath,closeto,down,further,here,infrontof,inthedistance,nearby,nexttothere,nearto,ontheleft/right,oppositeto,ontopof,over,under,up,behind,between,on,from;farther,far,against,ontheoppositeto,atthebottom,inthecenterof,atthebackof,inthemiddleof

Byclassification

Therearethreeseveral/manytypes/kinds/sorts/classes/categories/groups

Weclassify/divide…accordingto

Bydefinition

Awordorideameans/is+adefinition.

Adefinition+iscalled/knownas/referredtoas+awordoridea.

Awordoridea+anappositivephrasefunctioningasadefinition.

Byacombinationofmethods

Exercise1

Revisethefollowingparagraphbyusingthewayorwaysofdevelopingparagraphsyouhavelearnedthisterm.

Speakingandwritingaredifferentinmanyways.Speechdependsonsounds.Writinguseswrittensymbols.Speechdevelopedabout500,000yearsago.Writtenlanguageisarecentdevelopment.Itwasinventedonlyaboutsixthousandyearsago.Speechisusuallyinformal.Thewordchoiceofwritingisoftenrelativelyformal.Pronunciationandaccentareignoredinwriting.Astandarddictionandspellingsystemprevailsinthewrittenlanguageofmostcountries.Speechreliesongesture,loudness,andriseandfallofthevoice.Writinglacksgesture,loudness,andtheriseandfallofthevoice.Carefulspeakersandwritersareawareofthedifferences.

Revised（Bycontrast）

Speakingandwritingaredifferentinmanyways.Speechdependsonsounds;writing,ontheotherhand,useswrittensymbols.Speechdevelopedabout500,000yearsago,butwrittenlanguageisarecentdevelopment,inventedonlyaboutsixthousandyearsago.Speechisusuallyinformal,whilethewordchoiceofwriting,bythecontrast,isoftenrelativelyformal.Althoughpronunciationandaccentoftentellwherethespeakerisfrom,theyareignoredinwritingbecauseastandarddictionandspellingsystemprevailsinmostcountries.Speechreliesongesture,loudness,andriseandfallofthevoice,butwritinglacksthesefeatures.Carefulspeakersandwritersareawareofthedifferences.

Exercise2

Readtheparagraphsbelowandindicatethewaysusedineachparagraph.

Passage1

Increasingyourvocabularycanhelpyouinanumberofways.Youwilldiscoverthatknowingsynonyms,forexample（byexample）willdecreasetheamountofrepetitioninyourcompositionsandmakethemmoreenjoyabletoread.Andifateacherenjoysreadingyourpaper,hemayevengiveyouabettergrade.Also,anincreasedvocabularywillmakeyourownreadingmoreenjoyable.Youwillfinditismucheasiertofollowtheideasinyourhistorytextbookorthenewspaperwhenyoudonothavetocontinuallyruntothedictionarytolookupunknownword,youwillbecomemoreeagerandnotasdiscouragedwhenyoudocomeacrossanunknownword.（bycauseandeffect）Asaresult,youwillreadfasterandmoreintelligently,becomemoreknowledgeable,andhencebetterinformedabouttheworldaroundyou.Strangeasitmayseem,vocabularystudycanmakeyouabetterperson.

Passage2

Poetryisabranchofliterature（bydefinition）whichexploresideas,emotions,andexperiencesinadistinctiveformandstyle.Poetry,sometimescalled“verse”,dependsgreatlyonthenaturalrhythmsandsoundsoflanguageforitsspecialeffects.Poetryevenmorethanprose,（bycomparison）dependsonpreciseandsuggestivewording.Inotherwords,apoemsaysmuchinlittlespace.Poetrydiffersfromprose（bycomparison）inobviousways,also.Mostoften（byexample）thefirstwordofeverylinebeginswithacapitalletter,eveninthemiddleofasentence.Poemssometimescontainrhythms,andoftentheyhaveaparticularrhythm,likemusic.（bycomparison）

Passage3

Thisisathrow－awayculture,maybeathrow-awayworld.Peopledon’tsavethingsanymore,suchaspensandlightersandclocks;theytossthemout.Theydon’trepairthingsanymore,likeradios,unlessbychancetheyfindthatrarememberofadyingbreed,afix-itman,locatedinsomeoff-beatplace,dimlylightedandcoveredwithdust.Mostpeoplejustthrowthingsaway,whatevertheymaybe:

fastfoodcontainers,cameras,bottles,cans,newspapers,andtelephones.Mostthingscanbereplaced;practicallyeverythingisdisposable.Asaresult,theworldiscoveredwithlitter.Thegreatcitiesoftheworld,itsrivers,lakesandmountains,itsseasanddeserts,havebecomeeyesores,sloppedwithgarbage.ThatoldmovielineutteredbyBetteDavisnowappliestomostpartsoftheearth,“Whatadump!

”

byexample,bycauseandeffect,byspace

Passage4

DuringtheAmericanWarofIndependence,womenwereinvolvedintheactivefightinginthreeways.（byexample）AsmembersofadistinctbranchoftheContinentalArmy,referredtoas“WomenoftheArmy”,womenstaffedfieldhospitalsandactedasmilitarysupportinsuchrolesaswatercarriers.Inanemergency,womenwatercarriers,whohadplentyofopportunitytoobservethefiringofcannons,couldreplaceawoundedcomrade.Thesecond（byexample）waythatwomenwereinvolvedinactivefightingwasasregulartroopmemberswhoworemen’suniformsandfoughtsidebysidewiththeirmalecounterparts.Theoretically（bycauseandeffect）womenwerenotsupposedtoberecruitedintotheContinentalArmy,butifawomanwasagoodsoldier,noonemadeanissueofsexatatimewhenthearmywassoshortofsoldiersthatboysnotyetintheirteenswerealsobeingrecruitedinviolationofrules.Third,（byexample）womenwereoccasionalfightersaffiliatedwithlocalmilitiacompaniesorcommitteesofsafetytoprotectthelocalcommunity.

Directions:

Readthefollowingparagraphandanswerthequestionsbelow.

SlaughterontheHighways

①Duringthepastfiveyears,thenumberofAmericanskilledannuallyincaraccidentshasclimbedtomorethan55,000.②Thisneedlessslaughteronstreetsandhighwayscanbeattributedtothreegeneralcauses.③Mechanicalfailures,especiallythoserelatedtofaultybrakesandbadtyres,accountforasignificantnumberoffatalaccidents.④Environmentalconditionssuchasblindcorners,narrowstreets,heavyfog,intermittent（断断续续的）rainorsnowresultinginslipperyroadsalsocontributetothegrisly（horrible）accidentstatistics.⑤Butwithoutdoubtthemostfrequentlyreportedfactorsincaraccidentsareerrorsofhumanjudgment—allthewayfromsuchfolliesasexcessivespeedanddrunkendrivingtosuchmomentarylapses（mistake）asfailuretosignalaturnorachangefromonelanetoanother.⑥Themanbehindthewheelisoftenhisownworstenemy.

Topicsentence____.

Methodofdevelopingtheparagraph__________.

Functionofsentence⑥______________

Keyreference

1.Topicsentence__2____.

2.Methodofdevelopingtheparagraph__causeandeffect_.

3.Functionofsentence⑥__concludingsentence

OprahWinfreystandsasabeacon,notonlyintheworldsofmediaandentertainmentintheU.S.,butalsointhelargerrealmofpublicdiscourse.Itisthroughhertalkshowthatherinfluencehasbeengreatest.WhenWinfreytalks,herviewers—anestimated14milliondailyintheU.S.andmillionsmorein132othercountries—listen.Anybookshechoosesforheron-airbookclubbecomesaninstantbestseller.Whensheestablishedthe"world'slargestpiggybank,"peoplealloverthecountrycontributedsparechangetoraisemorethan$1milliontosenddisadvantagedkidstocollege.OncehiredasaTV-newsanchorwhileasophomoreatcollege,however,shewassaidtolackthedetachmenttobeanewsreporter.Shecriedwhenastorywassad,orlaughedwhenshemisreadaword.Instead,shewasgivenanearly-morningtalkshowandlaterbecamethehostofA.M.Chicago,thenation'stop-ratedtalkshow.Winfreydidn'tcreatethetalk-showformat,butthecompassionandintimacysheputintoithavecreatedanewwayforustotalktooneanother.

Questions:

1.Whoisdescribedinthesample?

2.Whatmakesthisparticularparagrapheasytounderstand?

3.Whatarethetechniquesthatareusedincombinationintheparagraphs,andwhichofthemisusedasthemajorone?

Keyreference

1.TheparagraphdescribesOprahWinfrey,afamousTVtalk-showhostessinAmerica.

2.Ithascertainwordsandphrasesthathelpclarifytheideasintheparagraph.

3.Themethodsusedherearethoseofgeneralization,exemplificationandcontrast,withgeneralizationbeingthemajortechnique.

Exercise:

Rearrangethe