初中物理巧记口诀选.docx
《初中物理巧记口诀选.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《初中物理巧记口诀选.docx（116页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。
初中物理巧记口诀选
Partone
I.Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotheinformationyouhavegot
1.Whatisinternationaltrade?
2.Whatarethemajormotivationsforprivatefirmtooperateinternational
business?
3.Whatisthemostessentialmotivetopursueinternationaltrade?
4.Whatmeasuresdomostcompaniesusuallyadopttoavoidwildswingsinthe
salesandprofits?
5.Pleasgivethefourmajoroperationformschosenbymostcompanies.
6.Whatdoesbalanceofpaymentsaccountmean?
7.Whatarethebasicsourcesofinternationalrevenueandexpenditureformost
countries?
8.CouldyoufindanydifferencebetweenDirectInvestmentandPortofolio
Investment?
Ifyoucan,pleasetellthemainreasons.
9.WhatisMNE?
Whatareitssynonyms?
10.Pleasegiveexamplestoexplain“Servicesareearningsotherthanthosefrom
goods.”
11.Whatinfluencestheinternationaloperationalformswhichacompanywill
choose?
12.Whatlimitsafirm’ssales?
13.Whyismerchandiseexportsandimportsthefirstypeofforeignoperationsin
whichafirmgetsinvolved?
14.Whatdoes“royalties”mean?
15.Whatis“franchising”?
IIMatcheachoneontheleftwithitscorrectmeaningontheright
1.motivationA.tomakecontinualeffortstogainsth.
2.pursueB.theactionofobtaining,esp.byeffortsofcarefulattention.
3.markupC.whichbyisitsnaturecannotbeknownbysenses,notclear
andcertain,notreal.
4.procurementD.thegoods（freight）carriedbyaship,planeorvehicle.
5.intangibleE.theamountbywhichapriceisraised.
6.cargoF.profit,interest.
7.royaltyG.thenetvalueofassetsorinterest,invest.
8.equityH.notneedingotherthingsorpeople,takingdecisionsalone.
9.yieldI.ashareoftheprofits.
10.independentJ.needorpurpose.
1.（）2.（）3.（）4.（）5.（）
6.（）7.（）8.（）9.（）10.（）
IIITranslatethefollowingtermsandphrasesintoChinese;
1.purchasingpower11.recovery
2.salespotentials12.recession
3.mark-up13.portfolioinvestment
4.domesticmarkets14.tangiblegoods
5.finishedgoods15.visibleexportsandimports
6.profitmargin16.revenueandexpenditure
7.marketshare17.excesscapacity
8.tradediscrimination18.tradeintermediary
9.timing19.turn-keyoperations
10.businesscycles20.licencingagreements
IVTranslatethefollowingintoEnglish:
1.贸易常被说成是发展的“引擎”。
这个比喻虽然未免过于简单，但它的确说
明对外贸易在经济发展中的重要性。
虽然出口的健康增长并不总是快速、持久的
经济增长的充分条件，但两者之间积极而密切的联系显然是不可否认的。
贸易发
展对经济增长的作用表现在很多方面。
其中：
专业分工带来的利益；国际竞争对
国内经济效率的促进作用；提高对发展所需的进口商品的支付能力，而更为普遍
的是鼓励投资和企业家精神。
2.国际贸易是一个国家生产的商品和劳务与另一个国家生产的商品和劳务
的交换。
除了有形贸易，即商品和货物的进出口以外，还有无形贸易，这是指国
家之间劳务的交换。
希腊和挪威等国拥有庞大的海运船队，提供运输服务，这是
无形贸易的一种。
无形贸易对一些国家来说，就象原料和商品出口对其它一些国
家那样重要。
在这两种情况下，这些国家都能赚到钱去购买其所需要的商品。
3.国际间进行贸易的方式是多种多样的。
包销是指卖方在特定地区和一定期
限内给与国外客户独家销售指定商品的权力的贸易方式。
在这种交往中，商品由
包销商承购，自行销售，自负盈亏。
这同只收取佣金的代理方式不同；也因为包
销商在特定地区享有专营权，而与一般买卖合同有别。
4.世界上没有任何一个国家能生产它所需的所有产品，所以各国参与国际分
工，进行有效的生产和再生产。
有时一个国家能够以易货方式从国外购买产品和
服务，易货是指以一种货物交换另一种货物，而不是用钱交易。
易货贸易本身并
不不足以满足一个国家的进口需要。
但作位一种贸易方式，它对于外汇短缺、外
资流入远远无法满足外贸需求的发展中国家来说具有一定的吸引力。
Key
I.Answermyquestions
1.Internationaltradeisbusinesswhoseactivitiesinvolvethecrossingofnational
borders.Itincludesnotonlyinternationaltradeandforeignmanufacturingbutalso
encompassesthegrowingservicesindustryinareassuchastransportation,tourism,
banking,advertising,construction,retailing,wholesaling,andmasscommunications.
Itincludesallbusinesstransactionsthatinvolvetwoormorecountries.Suchbusiness
relationshipmaybeprivateorgovernmental.
2.Salesexpansion,resourceacquisitionanddiversificationofsalesandsupplies.
3.Togainprofit.
4.Toseejoutforeignmarketsandprocurement.
5.Therearefourmajorformswhicharethefollowing:
MerchandiseexportsandImports,ServiceExportsandImports,Investmentand
MultinationalEnterprise.
6.Itistheaccountwhichisasummarystatementoftheflowofallinternational
economicandfinancialtransactionsbetweenonenation（eg.theUnitedStates）and
therestoftheworldoversomeperiodoftime,usuallyoneyear.
7.MerchandiseExportingandImporting.
8.Yes.Therearegreatdifferencesbetweenthem.
1）directinvestmenttakesplacewhencontrolfollowstheinvestment.Itusually
meanshighcommitmentofcapital,personnel,andtechnologyabroad.Itaimsat
gainingofforeignresourcesandforeignmarkets.Directinvestmentmayoftenget
higherforeignsalesthanexporting.Andsometimesitinvolvestwoormoreparties.
2）Whileportfolioinvestmentsarenotundercontrol.Andtheyareusedprimarily
forfinancialpurposes.Treasuresofcompanies,forexample,routinelymorefunds
fromonecountrytoanothertogetahigheryieldonshortterminvestments.
9.MNEistheabbreviationofthemultinationalenterprise.ItssynonymsareNNC
（themultinationalcorporation）andTNC（transnationalcorporation）.
10.Examplesaretravel,transport,fee,royalties,dividendsandinterest.
11.Thechoiceofformsisinfluencedbytheobjectivebeingpursuedandthe
environmentsinwhichthecompanymustoperate.
12.Itislimitedbythenumberofpeopleinterestedinafirm’sproductsand
servicesandbycustomers’capacitytomakepurchase.
13.Thisisbecauseatanearlystageofinternationalinvolvementtheseoperations
usuallytaketheleastcommitmentandleastriskofafirm’sresources.
14.Royaltiesmeansthepaymentforuseofassetsfromabroad,suchasfor
trademarkspatens,copyrights,orotherexpertiseundercontractknownaslicencing
agreements.Royaltiesarealsopaidfranchising.
15.Itisawayofdoingbusinessinwhichoneparty（thefranchiser）theuseofa
trademarkthatisanessentialassetforthefranchisers’business.
IIMatcheachoneontheleftwithitscorrectmeaningontheright
1.J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F10.H
IIITranslatethefollowingtermsandphrasesintoChinese
1购买力11经济复苏；恢复
2潜在销售量12经济衰退
3加价，涨价13间接投资
4国内市场14有形货物
5制成品15有形进出口
6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出
7市场占有率17超额能力
8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人
9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式
10经销周期20许可证协定
IVTranslatethefollowingintoEnglish
1.Tradeisoftenthe‘engine’ofgrowth.Howeveroversimplifiedthismetaphor
maybe,itdoesservetounderlinetheimportanceofforeigntradeintheprocessof
growth.Ahealthyexpansionofexportsmaynotalwaysbesufficientconditionfor
rapidandsustainedgrowth,butastrongpositiveassociationbetweenthetwois
clearlyundeniable.Tradeexpansioncontributestoeconomicgrowthinmanyways.
Amongthemarethebenefitsofspecialization;thefavorableeffectsofinternational
competitionondomesticeconomicefficiency;theincreasedcapacitytopayforthe
importsrequiredindevelopmentandmoregenerallythestimulustoinvestment.
2.Internationaltradeistheexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinone
countryforgoodsandservicesproducedinanothercountry.Inadditiontovisible
trade,whichinvolvestheimportandexportofgoodsandmerchandise,thereisalso
invisibletrade,whichinvolvestheexchangeofservicesbetweennations.Nations
suchasGreeceandNorwayhavelargemaritimefleetsandprovidetransportation
service.Thisisakindofinvisibletrade.Invisibletradecanbeasimportanttosome
nationsastheexportofrawmaterialsorcommoditiesistoothers.Inbothcases,the
nationsearnthemoneytobuynecessities.
3.Thereexistdifferentwaysofconductinginternationalbusiness.Exclusivesale
meansthesellergivestheoverseasclienttheexclusiverightofsellingaparticular
productinadesignatedareawithinaspecifiedperiodoftime.Inthiskindofbusiness
transaction,theproductisboughtbytheexclusivesellerandthereforeheshouldsell
theproductbyhimself,assumingsoleresponsibilitiesforhisprofitandloss.
Exclusivesaleisdifferentfromagencywhereonlycommissionisinvolved.And
differenceexistsbetweengeneralcontractandexclusivesalesbecausetheexclusive
sellerenjoysexclusiverightinaparticulararea.
4.Thereisnocountryintheworldthatcanproducealltheproductsitneeds.
Thuscountriesjoinininternationaldivisionoflaborforeffectiveproductionand
reproduction.Sometimesacountrycanbuygoodsandservicesfromabroadona
barterbasis.Bartermeansdoingbusinessbyexchanginggoodsofonesortforgoods
ofanothersortwithoutusingmoney.Bartertradeitselfisnotenoughtomeata
country’simportneeds.Butasaformofinternationaltrade,itisstillattractivein
developingcountrieswhereforeignexchangeisinshortsupplyandinflowofforeign
fundsisfarfromsufficienttomeettheirobligationsinexternaltrade.
PartTwo
1.Answerthefollowingquestions
1）.Pleasetelluswhattheproceduresofinternationaltrade.
2）.Whatarethepartiesinvolvedinexportandimporttransaction?
3）.Whatthespecialistsinvolvedinexportandimporttransaction?
4）.Whatarethedocumentsneededinexportandimporttransaction?
2.Fillingtheblankswiththesuitablewordsinthetext:
1）Whatismarketing?
Marketingisthecreativeprocessof___customerneeds
profitably.
2）InBritainanintermediarycalledacommission____orexportcommission
houseactsonbehalfofthe____importers.
3）Agentsarepaid____ontheamountofgoodspurchased.
4）Anagentmayreceivegoodsinhis____name,andstocktheminanticipationof
sale.
5）Afewsharesforassistancein____upthecompanywillbeissued.We’llissue
somefounder’sshares.
6）Wehavedevelopedanexcellentproductandobtainedfromthegovernmentthe
solerighttomanufactureandsellit.Wehaveobtained____.
7）Whenourproductionandmarketingexpenseshavebeenpaid,wehopeto
havequitealotofmoneyleftoverasearnings.Weexpecttomakegood____.
升级会员 