雅思英语语法讲义.docx
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雅思英语语法讲义
雅思英语语法材料
第一章谓语动词
第一讲时态
一、时态表格
(一)一般(现在、过去、将来、过去将来)
一般
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
肯定句式
主is/are+…
主v原/v单三+…
主was/were+…
主v-ed+…
主be+v-ing
主will/shall+v原…
主is/aregoingtov:
打算
一般现在(主将从现)
主beabouttodosth马上
主will+be+doingsth将要
主would/should+v原…
主was/weregoingto+v原
否定句式
主is/arenot+…
主don’t/doesn’t+v原+…
主was/werenot…
主didn’t+v原…
主be+not+v-ing
主won’t/shallnot+v原
主is/arenotgoingto+v原
主Was/Werenotgoingto+v原
主would/shouldnot+v原+…/
疑问句式
Is/Are主+…?
Do/Does主+v原?
Was/were主…?
Did主+v原?
Be主v-ing+…?
Will/Shall主+v原?
Is/Are主+v原?
Would/Should主v原+…?
Was/were主goingto+v原?
意义
重复、习惯;状态,客观;频度,次数;列车、航班
动作已经完成;描述一系列动作;过去习惯
将来计划、明确安排;
预测、尚未安排、可能;考虑打算、事实预测
过去谈论将来
标志性的时间状语
频度副词:
always,often,rarely,usually,sometimes,seldom;
once/twice/three/four+次数;everyevening/dayweek/month/year
yesterday;lastnight/week/monthseason/year;…ago;justnow;
介词+过去的week/month/season/year/century
When,assoonas,after,before,until,aslongas;
tomorrow…;
next…;
in+表示将来的week/month/season/year…
thenext…
时态“三字经”:
现在时,并不难;表重复,表习惯;表状态,表客观;有频度,有次数;看主语,定单三。
(二)(现在、过去、将来、过去将来)进行
进行
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
肯定句式
主is/are+v-ing
主was/were+v-ing
主will/shallbe+v-ing…
主would+v原…
主was/weregoingto+v原
否定句式
主is/arenot+v-ing
主was/werenot+v-ing…
主won’tbe+v-ing…
主Was/Werenotgoingto+v原
主wouldn’t+v原/
疑问句式
Is/Are主+v-ing…?
Was/were主+v-ing…?
Will主be+v-ing…?
Would主+v原?
Was/were主goingto+v原?
意义
说话时正在发生的状态;目前正在进行的工作
为过去某一动作提供场景
将来进行着的动作;纯粹的将来计划或安排
过去谈论将来进行着的动作
标志性的时间状语
now;atthemoment,currently,presently,atpresent,thisweekmonth/year
when,while,as
bythistimetomorrow…
bthattime;thenextday
(三)(现在、过去、将来、过去将来)完成
完成
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
肯定句式
主has/have+v-ed…
主had+v-ed…
主willhave+v-ed…
主wouldhave+v-ed…
否定句式
主has/havenotv-ed…
主hadnot+v-ed…
主+won’thave+v-ed
主wouldn’thave+v-ed…
疑问句式
Has/Have主+v-ed…?
Had主+v-ed…?
Will主have+v-ed?
Would主have+v-ed…?
意义
过去动作持续到现在;
过去动作影响到现在
过去某时之前发生的动作
将来某时之前完成的动作
过去将来某时之前完成的动作
标志性的时间状语
for+时间段,since+时间点;
Ever,never,just,already,yet;before,tillnow,
when,assoonas,bythetime…,after;nosooner…than…,hardly…when…
Before,by+固定时间;in+某段时间
Before,by+固定时间;in+某段时间
(四)(现在、过去、将来、过去将来)完成进行
完成进行
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
肯定句式
主has/havebeen+v-ing…
主hadbeen+v-ing…
主willhavebeen+v-ing…
主wouldhave+been+v-ing…
否定句式
主has/havenotbeen+v-ing…
主hadnotbeen+v-ing…
主+won’thavebeen+v-ing…
主wouldn’thavebeen+v-ing…
疑问句式
Has/Have主been+v-ing…?
Had主been+v-ing…?
Will主havebeen+v-ing…?
Would主havebeen+v-ing…?
意义
某种状态或动作持续了多久
过去之前某一动作持续的长短或动作本身
将来某时之前某个动作或状态存在了多久
过去将来某时之前动作或状态存在了多久
标志性的时间状语
for+时间段,since+时间点
for+时间段,since+时间点
bytheendof…
bytheendof…
二、基本时态演练
1.
Sciencestillacureforcancer.
a.
doesn’tfind
c.
hasn’tfound
b.
haven’tfound
d.
aren’tfinding
2.
WhilehearoutetotheIndies,ColumbusdiscoveredAmerica.
a.
searched
c.
hadsearchedfor
b.
wasdiscovering
d.
wassearchingfor
3.
Existingreservesoffossilfuelby2045.
a.
havebeenrunout
c.
isgoingtoberunout
b.
willhaverunout
d.
haverunout
4.
Onlybyinvestingheavilyinvalue-addedexportsfromthepresenttradeimbalance.
a.
thecountrycanemerge
c.
canthecountryemerge
b.
thecountrymightemerge
d.
thecountryemerged
5.
Untilthe16thcenturytheearthtobeflat.
a.
isbelieved
c.
believed
b.
hasbeenbelieved
d.
wasbelieved
6.
Ifthetemperatureofthereactor500Chighermeltdownwouldhaveoccurred.
a.
was
c.
wasbeing
b.
hadbeen
d.
had
7.
Thelecturersaid‘It’stimeyoutheliteraturereview.’
a.
began
c.
shouldbegin
b.
begin
d.
arebeginning
8.
Afteryourresultsyoushouldmakeanappointmentwithyourtutor.
a.
youreceiving
c.
youhavereceived
b.
youwouldhavereceived
d.
youreceived
9.
Youtheexperimenttwice,notonce.
a.
shouldhavecarriedout
c.
haven’tcarriedout
b.
shouldn’thavecarriedout
d.
couldn’thavecarriedout
10.
Thescientistswereprohibitedthedangerzone.
a.
toenter
c.
enter
b.
entering
d.
fromentering
三、时态改错
1.Peopleshouldactaccordingtowhattheyarebelieving.
2.Ingeneral,Ithinkourgovernmentspenttoomuchmoneyonspacetravel.
3.Thesedays,moreandmorepeopletravelingtoverydistantplacesfortheirholidays.
4.Iamhopingitisnottoolatetosavetheenvironment.
5.Thefemalehenlayingonaverage5or6eggsperweek.
6.Youngerdriversismorelikelytobeinvolvedinacaraccident.
7.Mostdoctorsareagreeingthattheonlywaytoloseweightisbydoingmoreexercise.
第二讲语态
一、被动语态的形式
一般
进行
完成
现在
主am/is/are+v-ed…
主am/is/arebeing+v-ed…
主has/havebeen+v-ed…
过去
主was/were+v-ed…
主was/werebeing+v-ed…
主hadbeen+v-ed…
将来
主willbe+v-ed…
×
主willhavebeen+v-ed…
将来完成
主wouldbe+v-ed…
×
主wouldhavebeen+v-ed…
情态动词
主can/could/may/might/shall/should/will/would/must/haveto/oughtto+be+v-ed…
不定式
…tobe+v-ed…;tohavebeen+v-ed
二、被动语态使用情景
(一)一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动式
1.Iagreewiththestatementthatthereshouldbenogovernmentrestrictiononcreativeartistswhoexpressthemselvesinthewaytheydoandthattheymustbegivenfreedomforthesame.(IELTS4,Band7,p167)
2.Thereisalmosteverythinggoodinwhatisgiventousthroughthemediaworldwhichismadeupofartists.(同上)
3.Inconclusion,Istronglyagreewiththatchildrenshouldbetaughttocooperateratherthancompete.(IELTS5,Band6,p167)
4.Itwasopenedintheyear1863,anditisalready140yearsold.(IELTS5,Band7,p168)
(二)在描述事件和客观事实的时候,被动语态用得更多
1.TheuseofelectricityinEnglandisindispensedwith.(IELTS4,Band6,p164)
2.DemandforelectricityinEnglandduringtypicaldaysinwinterandsummerisillustratedinthegraph.(同上)
3.TheuseofaverageEnglishhomeisshowninthepiechart.(同上)
(三)主语是泛指很多人或者大部分人这个方面
1.Amoredramaticriseispredictedbetween2030and2040inJapan,bywhichitisthoughtthattheproportionofelderlypeoplewillbesimilarinthethreecountries.(IELTS5,modelanswer,p162)
2.Itcanbearguedthat…
Itisadvised/believed/universallyaccepted/generallyrecognizedthat…
Itissaid/reported/estimatedthat…
(四)当上下文已经说明了动作执行者时:
Alawwasintroducedtohelpprotectpeopleinthissituation.
(五)动作的执行者并不重要时:
Inthefactory,theshoesarecleanedandpackedintoboxesreadyforsale.
(六)需要体现动作的执行者时,加by-短语:
Alotofwastematerialscouldberecycledbylargemanufacturers.
三、改写
1.Toenrichvocabulary,weshouldreadmoreauthenticmaterials.
可以改为:
2.Iamnotsurewhetherallthecollegegraduatescanfindjobsaftergraduation.
可以改为:
4.用适当的动词形式完成下列句子:
(1)Myhome_____________(locate)inthewesternpartofthecity.
(2)Thesefundscan_____________(give)tothepoorerpeopletohelpthem.
(3)We_____________(nottell)thattheruleshadchanged.
(4)Childrenneedto_____________(teach)thecorrectwaytobehaveinpublic.
5.句子改错:
(1)Thehousewassellforoveramilliondollars.
(2)Theclasshasallowedtoeatinthestaffdiningroomduringtherenovations.
(3)Thepotatoescarryalongaconveyorbelttoaroomwheretheywashandpeel.
(4)Theteachertoldtotakeherclassoutoftheschoolifthefirebellrang.
(5)Smokingdon’tallowinanypartoftheaeroplane.
(6)Themuseumwasbeingrenovatingwhenwewerethere,sowecouldnotvisitit.
(7)Busticketscanbuyatanynewsagents.
(8)Newemployeeshaveinstructednottooperatethephotocopieruntiltheyaretrained.
6.把下面的句子改成被动语态,并决定是否需要带by-短语
(1)Afactoryworkercheckseachboxforquality.
(2)Thegovernmentdoesnotpermitchildrenunder16towork.
(3)Thewashingmachineiswashingyourclothesatthemoment.
(4)Amechanicwillrepairyourcarthisafternoon.
(5)Theagenthassoldourhouseatlast.
(6)Somethingtorethebackofmycoat.
(7)Theemployerpayoffthestaffmoreforworkingattheweekend.
(8)Burningtiresgiveoffhighlytoxicchemicals.
第三讲虚拟语气
请欣赏下列一首诗歌:
Ifyouwereateardropinmyeye,
Forfearoflosingyou,Iwouldnevercry.
Andifthegoldensunshouldceasetoshineitslight,
Justonesmilefromyouwouldmakemywholeworldbright.
一、虚拟语气基本句型
虚拟时间
if从句谓语形式
主句谓语形式
与现在事实相反
did/were
would(should,could,might)do
与过去事实相反
haddone/hadbeen
would(should,could,might)havedone/been
与将来事实相反
did/wereto/should+do
would(should,could,might)do
1.与现在事实相反
(1)Ifsheweresick,shecouldstayathomeandhavearesttoday.
(2)Ifyouwatchedmoreandtalkedless,wewouldbothenjoyourfilm.
2.与过去事实相反
(1)Iftheyhadstudiedearlier,theywouldhavepassedtheIELTS.
(2)Helenwouldhavegraduatedwithherclassifshehadbeenabletomeetalltherequirementsintime.
3.与将来事实相反
(1)Ifitsnowedtomorrow,Iwouldgoskiing.
(2)Ifitshouldsnowtomorrow,Iwouldgotomakeasnowmaninfrontofourdormitory.
(3)Ifyouweretoseeyourtutor,whatwouldyoutellhim?
4.错综的虚拟语气
(1)IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’thavetoldthattoher.(时间错综:
从句现在,主句过去)
(2)HadItakenmyumbrellawithmeinthemorning,Ishouldnotbewetnow.(时间错综:
从句过去,主句现在)
5.虚拟语气的倒装
可以把条件句中的if省略掉,同时把should,were,had等助动词提前,构成倒装句。
请把下面的句子变成倒装虚拟条件句
(1)(现在)Iftherewerenoair,therewouldbenolifearoundtheearth.
(2)(过去)Ifhehadbeenolder,hemighthaveunderstoodthisquestion.
(3)(将来)Ifthisweretohappenagain,youwouldbepunishedseverely.
(4)(将来+现在)Ifyoushouldhaveanyquestions,feelfreetocallme.
二、虚拟语气——特殊名词性从句(从句动词用should+v原形)
1、(动词后面接宾语从句)
词义
Jian(坚持、建议