专八国家人文知识+语言学知识点总汇.docx
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专八国家人文知识+语言学知识点总汇
美国概况
地理区域
GeographicalRegions
StatesIncluded
KeyPoints
1.NewEngland
新英格兰：
美国东北的一个地区，由现在的缅因州、新罕布什尔州、佛蒙特州、马萨诸塞州和康涅狄格州和罗得岛州组成
1）Maine
2）NewHampshire
3）Vermont
4）Massachusetts
5）RhodeIsland
6）Connecticut
●ThebirthplaceofAmerica;
●ThechiefcenteroftheAmericanWarofIndependence;
●Manyfamousuniversitieslocatedhere,suchasYale,Harvard,andMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology;
●NewEnglanderswereoriginallycalledYankees（美国佬）.
2.TheMiddleAtlanticStates
1）NewYork
2）Pennsylvania
3）NewJersey
4）Delaware
5）Maryland
●WashingtonD.C.islocatedhere.
●ThecityofNewYorkisthebiggestcityoftheSateofNewYork,whosecapitalcityisAlbany.ManyfamousuniversitieslikeColumbiaUniversityandCornellUniversityarelocatedhere;
●Gettysburg,whereAbrahamLincolndeliveredhisfamousspeechTheAddressatGettysburg,isinPennsylvania.
3.TheMidwest
1）Ohio
2）Indiana
3）Michigan
4）Illinois
5）Wisconsin
6）Missouri
7）Iowa
8）Minnesota
9）Kansas
10）Nebraska
11）NorthDakota
12）SouthDakota
●America’smostimportantagriculturalarea;
●Thecountry’sleadingcenterofheavyindustry;
●TheGreatLakesandtheGreatPlains;
●Chicago,thelargestindustrialandcommercialcenterofthearea,andthelargestportontheGreatLakes;
●Detroit,theautomobilecapitaloftheworld.
4.TheSouth
1）Virginia
2）WestVirginia
3）NorthCarolina
4）SouthCarolina
5）Georgia
6）Florida
7）Alabama
8）Mississippi
9）Kentucky
10）Tennessee
11）Arkansas
12）Texas
13）Okalahoma
●Richinmineralresources;
●Containing90%oftheAmericantextileindustry;
●Florida,Atlanta,Huston,DallasandBirminghamarelocatedhere.
5.IntermountainRegion
1）Montana蒙大纳
2）Wyoming
3）Colorado
4）NewMexico
5）Arizona
6）Utah
7）Nevada
8）Idaho
●TheRockiescrossingtheregion;
●YellowStoneNationalParkandtheGrandCanyon大峡谷：
美国亚利桑那州西北部科罗拉多河的一个大峡谷
●Denver,thecapitalandbiggestcityoftheStateofColorado
●Phoenix,thecapitalandbiggestcityoftheStateofArizona
●SaltLakeCity,thecapitalcityoftheStateofUtah
●LasVegas,thebiggestcityoftheStateofNevada
6.ThePacificStates
1）California
2）Oregon
3）Washington
4）Alaska
5）Hawaii
●StateofCaliforniaiscalled“TheGoldenState”andhasthebiggestpopulation,withLosAngelesasitsbiggestcity,whichisalsothesecondbiggestcityofthecountry,nextonlytoNewYork;
●StateofWashingtonisnamedafterPresidentGeorgeWashington,withSeattleasitsbiggestcity
●StateofAlaskaisseparatedfromRussia’sSiberiainthewestbytheBeringStrait白令海峡,andEskimoslivehere;
●HawaiiisinthePacificOcean,andMaunaLoa莫纳罗亚山（夏威夷岛的活火山）,theworld’slargestactivevolcano,islocatedhere.
重要城市
1.WashingtonD.C.
●ThecapitalcityoftheU.S.A.
●TheWhiteHouse;
●TheCapital
2.NewYork
●ThebiggestcityintheU.S.A.,andfamouscosmopolitancityintheworld
●Fiveboroughs:
Manhattan,Brooklyn,Queens,theBronxandStatenIsland;
●EmpireStatebuilding;
●StatueofLiberty
●WallStreet
●TheHeadquarteroftheUnitedNations.
3.LosAngeles
●ThesecondlargestcityintheU.S.A.
●UniversalStudiosHollywood
●Disneyland
4.Chicago
●ThebiggestindustrialcenterintheGreatLakesdistrict;
●Theworld’sbestcollectionsofmodernarchitecture.
5.Philadelphia
●IndependenceHall,wheretheDeclarationofIndependenceisdelivered.
6.SanFrancisco
●ThesecondlargestharbornexttoLosAngelesinthePacificCoast;
●Manyminorities
●GoldenGateBridge
7.Boston
●ThebirthofTranscendentalism;先验论：
与康德有关的一种哲学，认为人必须超越经验主义或体验到的东西以探知所有知识的先验原则
●HarvardCollege,StanfordUniversity,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology;
●SiliconValley.
8.Huston
●Thebiggestindustrialcenterofoil
●NASA（NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration）
山川、河流、湖泊
1.Mountains
●TheAppalachian阿巴拉契亚Mountains;
●TheRockyMountains,knownastheContinentalDivide.
2.Rivers
●TheMississippiRiver,theworld’sgreatcontinentalriver,called“FatherofWaters”or“OldManRiver”
●TheOhioRiver,calledtheAmericanRuhr;
●TheColoradoRiverandtheColumbiaRiveronthePacificside
3.Lakes
●TheGreatLakes,locatedbetweenCanadaandtheU.S.A;
●LakeSuperior,thelargestfreshwaterlakeintheworld;
●LakeMichigan,theonlyoneentirelyintheU.S.A.;
●LakeHuron休伦湖（北美五大湖中的第二大湖）,LakeEireandLakeOntario
历史
1.DiscoveryoftheNewWorld
●In1492,byChristopherColumbus.
2.TheColonialPeriod
●1607~1733,governedbyBritain.
3.TheWarofIndependence
●Sep.,1774,theFirstContinentalCongress;
●April19,1775,thebattlesofLexingtonandConcord,thebeginningofthewar;
●1775,ContinentalArmyandNavy,ledbyGeorgeWashington;
●1776,theDeclarationofIndependence,draftedbyThomasJefferson;
●DefeatingtheBritishatSaratoga（萨拉托加：
美国纽约东部从前的一个村庄，位于哈得孙河两岸，萨拉托加斯普林斯以东。
1777年10月17日约翰·伯戈因将军率领的英军在此被打败并投降，标志着激烈的萨拉托加战役的结束（6月-10月），此役是美国独立战争的一个重要转折点）,theturningpointofthewar;
●1783,theTreatyofParis,inwhichBritainrecognizedtheindependenceoftheU.S.A.;
●1789,theFederalGovernment,GeorgeWashingtonasthefirstpresident.
4.TheCivilWar
●1861~1865;
●TheUnionArmydefeatedtheConfederateArmyatGettysburg,whichwastheturningpointofthewar;
●TheNorthwon.
5.EconomicDevelopment
●GildedAge（theyearsbetweentheCivilWarandthestartofthe20thcentury）
6.TheGreatDepression
●1929~1933
●FranklinD.Roosevelt’sNewDeal,whichhelpedgetAmericaoutofthedepression.
7.WorldWarII
●December1941,thebombingofPearlHarbor;
●CoordinationofAmerica,BritishandSoviettroops;
●TheendoftheDepressionandthebasisforpostwarprosperity.
8.TheCivilRightsMovement
●InDecember1955,RosaParks,ablackworkerinAlabamarefusedtogiveherseattoawhitepassengerandshewasarrested,whichstartedaboycott;
●MartinLutherKingJr.wasthenationalleaderofthemovement.
9.TheVietnamWar
●1950-1975;
●Therewasseriousdisagreementwithintherulingcircle;
●TheimageoftheUnitedStateswasdiscredited.
10.WatergateScandal
●1972~1973;
●PresidentRichardNixonwasinvolvedandheresigned.
●水门事件（美国政治丑闻,共和党总统竞选连任委员会于1972年6月17日派人潜入水门大厦民主党总部安装窃听器,此事暴露后导致尼克松总统辞职）
政治
1.TheConstitution
●Theoldestwrittenconstitutionintheworld:
draftedin1787andputintoeffectin1789;
●ThebasicinstrumentofAmericangovernmentandthesupremelawoftheland;
●AnamendmenttotheConstitutiontobeinitiatedbyatwo-third’svoteineachhouseoftheCongress;
●Including7articles;
2.TheFederalSystem
●Twolayersofrule:
afederalgovernmentforthenationandstateandlocalgovernment;
●ChecksandBalances（三权分立）:
thelegislativebranch（立法）,theexecutivebranch（执法）,andthejudicialbranch（司法）
3.BillofRights
●ThefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitution,putforwardbyJamesMadisonin1791.
4.PoliticalParties
●DemocraticPartyandRepublicParty.
5.TheCongress
●TheSenate参议院,上院，由每州通过公民投票选出两名任期六年的参议员组成
●theHouseofRepresentatives.（美国、新西兰、澳大利亚等国的）众议院
文化
1.Education
●Elementaryandsecondaryeducationcovers12yearsforages6through18andisoftenwithapatternofgradedschools;
●Highereducation,whichbeganwiththefoundingofHarvardCollegein1636,hasthreeprincipalfunctions:
teaching,researchandpublicservice.
2.MassMedia
●Newspapers:
TheWallStreetJournal,U.S.A.Today
TheNewYorkTimes,LosAngelesTimes,
WashingtonPost;
●Magazines:
Reader’sDigest,TVGuide;NationalGeography,Time
●NewsandCableNetworks:
CBS（theColumbiaBroadcastingSystem）NBS（theNationalBroadcastingSystem）
ABC（theAmericanBroadcastingCompany）PBS（thePublicBroadcastingService）
英国概况
地理
1.England
●WithLondonasitscapitalcityandthecapitaloftheU.K.;
●TheLargest,southernpartofGreatBritainwithWalestoitswestandScotlandtoitsnorth;
●TheEnglishareAnglo-Saxons
2.Scotland
●WithEdinburghasitcapitalcity;
●Threenaturalzones:
thehighlandsinthenorth
◆Thecentrallowlands（containingmostoftheindustryandpopulation）
◆Thesouthernuplands;
●GaeliclanguageisstillheardintheHighlandsandtheWesternIsles;
●TheScotsareCelts（凯尔特人）
3．Wales
●WithCardiffasitscapitalcity;
●Mostofitismountainous;
●TheWelshareCelts.
4.NorthernIreland
●WithBelfastasitscapitalcity;
●TheIrishareCelts.
山川、河流、湖泊
1.Mountains
●ThePenniesaretheprincipalmountainchaininEngland;
●BenNevis,locatedinScotland,isthehighestmountainintheGreatBritain.
2.Rivers
●ThelongestriverinBritainistheSevernRiver;
●ThemostimportantriverisThamesRiver;
●RiverClydeisthemostimportantriverinScotland.
3.Lakes
●TheLoughNeaghinNorthernIrelandisthelargestLakeinBritain.
历史
1.EarlySettlers
●ThefirstknownsettlersofBritainweretheIberians伊比利亚人;
●TheCeltsarrivedaftertheIberiansanduntiltheRomans.
2.RomanOccupation
●1stto5thcentury;
●JuliusCaesarcameforthefirsttime;
●TheEmperorClaudiusinvadedBritainsuccessfully.
3.TheAnglo-Saxons
●Inthemid-5thcentury;
●InvasionofJutes朱特人：
日耳曼一族的成员，公元5至6世纪时入侵不列颠，定居在不列颠南部和东南部以及怀特岛上,SaxonsandAngles.
4.TheNormanConquest法国诺曼第人
●In1066,William,theConquerorlandedinEnglandandbuilttheNormanEmpire,andthusthefeudalsystem.
5.TheGreatCharter
●In1215,alsocalledMagnaCarter;
●Itwasastatementoffeudalandlegalrelationshipbetweenthecrownandthebarons,aguaranteeofthefreedomofthechurchandalimitationofthepoweroftheking.
6.TheBeginningofParliament
●SimondeMontfortsummon
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