2月16日雅思阅读机经[A类].docx

2月16日雅思阅读机经[A类].docx

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考试日期：

2013年2月16日

ReadingPassage1

Title:

新手，熟练工和专家

Questiontypes:

判断True/False/NotGiven;

填空

文章内容回顾

第一篇是说一个“novice”怎么成为一个“expert”,并且举例说明两者在看待及解决问题上的差别。

还讲述对expertise掌握程度研究，从novice到journeyman然后蜕变到expert的过程。

另外也提到了一些researchers和theorists,theyarebetterinmakingpredictionsthanexperts.

旧文P1=V070908

英文原文阅读

Expertiseresearchshowsquiteambiguousresultsontheabilitiesofexpertsinjudgmentanddecisionmaking（JDM）classicmodelscannotaccountfor.Thisproblembecomesevenmoreaccentuatedifdifferentlevelsofexpertiseareconsidered.Wearguethatparallelconstraintsatisfactionmodels（PCS）mightbeausefulbasetounderstandtheprocessesunderlyingexpertJDMandthehithertoexisting,differentiatedresultsfromexpertiseresearch.ItisoutlinedhowexpertisemightinfluencemodelparametersandmentalrepresentationsaccordingtoPCS.Itisdiscussedhowthisdifferentialimpactofexpertiseonmodelparametersrelatestoempiricalresultsshowingquitedifferentcoursesinthedevelopmentofexpertise;allowing,forexample,topredictunderwhichconditionsintermediatesmightoutperformexperts.Methodologicalrequirementsfortestingtheproposedunifyingtheoryundercomplexreal-worldconditionsarediscussed.

Insupportonetheory,astudydemonstratesthatentrepreneurialexpertsframedecisionsusingan“effectual”logic（identifymorepotentialmarkets,focusmoreonbuildingtheventureasawhole,paylessattentiontopredictiveinformation,worrymoreaboutmakingdowithresourcesonhandtoinvestonlywhattheycouldaffordtolose,andemphasizestitchingtogethernetworksofpartnerships）;whilenovicesusea“predictiveframe”andtendto“gobythetextbook.”Weasked27expertentrepreneursand37MBAstudentstothinkaloudcontinuouslyastheysolvedtypicaldecision-makingproblemsincreatinganewventure.Transcriptionswereanalyzedusingmethodsfromcognitivescience.ResultsshowedthatexpertentrepreneursframedproblemsinadramaticallydifferentwaythanMBAstudents.

题型难度分析

判断题难度不大，区分FALSE和NOTGIVEN是关键

题型技巧分析

是非无判断题是上半年度的重点题型，有顺序原则。

注意看清是TRUE还是YES,本篇是TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN

解题步骤：

1.速读句子，找出考点词（容易有问题的部分）。

考点词：

比较级，最高级，数据（时间），程度副词，特殊形容词，绝对化的词（only,most,each,any,every,thesameas等）

2.排除考点词，在余下的词中找定位词，去原文定位。

3.重点考察考点词是否有提及，是否正确。

TRUE的原则是同义替换，至少有一组近义词。

FALSE是题目和原文截然相反，不可共存，通常有至少一组反义词。

NOTGIVEN原文未提及，不做任何推断，尤其多考察题目的主语等名词在原文是否有提及。

4.通读所有段落，依次寻找答案

因为每段都会有答案，因此现在所需要做的事情就是到每段去找答案。

要注意在选出信息后，要在选出的段落上做上记号，以免浪费时间。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑6MotivatingEmployeesunderAdverseConditions

ReadingPassage2

Title:

鳄鱼的进化thecrocodile’sevolution

Questiontypes:

段落大意Heading

填空

配对

文章内容回顾

详细讲述了crocodiles的生活习惯，如何控制自己的温度以及喜欢的生存环境等。

包括提到鳄鱼的特点、历史以及对两组处在不同水供给环境下的生存情况对比。

旧文P2=V09121

英文原文阅读

EarlyandextinctformsofcrocodilesarecalledCrocodilia.Theydescendedfrompsuedosuchianswhowalkedontheirhindlegs,andlivedduringthelateTriassicperiod.Theskullofthecrocodilestillresemblesinmanywaysthoseoftheprimitivearchosaurs.Theirbodies,however,developedtheexternalappearanceofthephytosaursbecauseoftheiraquaticlifestyle.ThecrocodileistheonlyarchosaurthatsurvivedthestillunknownfactorsthatwipedoutmostofthereptileclassattheendoftheMesozoicperiod.Thoughmoderncrocodileswalkon4legs,theirtwoleggedancestryisrevealedbytheirhindlegswhicharelongerthanthefrontlegs,makingthemslantforwardwhentheystand.Thecrocodilianskullstillcarriesabasicallyarchosaureanshape.Ithasaratherlong,pointedskull,especiallyinthefisheatingspeciesofcrocodiles.

Thebiggest,mostprominentchangeinthecrocodilesinceitsearlydaysistothepalate.Thepalateistheflatbonypartattheroofofthemouth.Inphytosaurs,thenostrilholesinthepalatearelocatedundertheouternostrils,whichwereshiftedtothefarbackoftheirsnout.Howeverincrocodiles,thenostrilsarelocatedatthefrontofthesnout.Thiscausedaprobleminkeepingthebreathingpassagesfromfillingwithwater.Millionsofyearsofevolutionsolvedthisproblem.Asecondpalatewasformed,channelingtheairabovethemouthandintothethroatpassageway,whereitcanbeopenedandclosedbyaspecialflaporvalveofskin.Crocodilesareactuallyclassifiedonthebasisofhowfarbacktheirsecondarypalateextends,rangingfromthosewhohavenosecondarypalatetothosewithafullyformedpalateseparatingtheairtheybreathefromthewaterintheirmouths.

ThefirstcrocodilianswerecalledProtosuchians,livingduringthelateTriassictoearlyJurassictimes.Thedifferencebetweentheseandmoderncrocodilesisinthelegs.TheProtosuchianshadverystrongoverdevelopedlegs,whichweresetatrightanglestothebody.Theseallowedtheanimaltocarryitselfhigheroffthegroundandprobablygavethemmuchmorespeedthantheirmoderndaycounterparts.Theselegsalsoleadscientiststobelievethatthesereptilesmostlylivedonland.BeginningintheJurassicperiod,thecrocodiliansquicklyfilledthegapoftheextinctphytosaurs,becominglargeandfullyaquaticreptiles.TheMesosuchianswerethenextevolutionoftheprotosuchiansandlivedduringtheJurassicperiodandbeyond.Thesereptileshadnotyetdevelopedasecondarypalate,butweremuchmoreadaptedtoaquaticlifethanitspredecessor.Theyhadstrongarmorplating,madefromaseriesofpairedlargebonesontheirbackwithsmallerplatesonitsundersides.Theyspreadthroughoutthelandandlivedinfreshwater,thoughsomeadaptedforsealife.ThesewerecalledGeosaurs.Geosaurslosttheirbonyarmor,theirlegsmodifiedintopaddlesandtheirtailtipsturneddown,similartotheichthyosaurs.OurmoderncrocodileappearedduringtheCretaceousperiod,livingsidebysidewiththeMesosuchiansununtiltheyweredisplacedintheearlyTertiarytimes.

题型难度分析

Heading题考察skim能力，难度不大，但得分率不高。

题型技巧分析

标题配对题（Listofheadings）是雅思阅读中的一种重要题型，要求给段落找小标题。

它一般位于文章之前，由两部分组成：

一部分是选项，另一部分是段落编号，要求给各个段落找到与它对应的选项，即表达了该段中心思想的选项，有时还会举一个例子。

当然，例子中的选项是不会作为答案的。

解题思路：

1.将例子所对应的选项及段落标号划去

2.划出选项中的关键词及概念性名词

3.浏览文章，抓住各段的主题句和核心词（尤其是反复出现的核心词），重点关注段落首句、第二句与末句

4.与段落主题句同义或包含段落核心词的选项为正确答案

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑7AntIntelligence

ReadingPassage3

Title:

音乐的起源和影响

Questiontypes:

判断Yes/No/NotGiven

配对

文章内容回顾

主要是一个专家的研究成果，关于音乐的起源和影响。

描述音乐和语言之间的联系和关系。

BlackingMitten是其中一个重要人物。

英文原文阅读

Wecanonlyguessastohowmusicwascreatedintheprimitivepsycheofthetime.Whatfollowsisprettymuchmyguess.

Earlymanmostlikelytooksomeinterestinthesoundsaroundhim,insomecasesitmeantlifeordeath,asintheroarofatiger,oritwaspleasingtotheear,asinabirdsingingaway.Icanimaginethatafterasuccessfulhunt,thehunterswouldpranceandgrowlaroundafireemulatingthesoundsofthefiercebeasttheyhadjustslain.Theymightevenhavestartedhittingstickstogetherinanattempttoemulatethesoundsoftheirclubsthumpingdullyupontheheadofsomeprey,orthehollowmelonsoundofaneighbor’sskullwhentheywerefightingamongstthemselvesoversomechunkofmeat,orforthebestlookingmate.Theformermostlikely,duetothefactthatthelatterwouldbeasixofonehalfdozenoftheotherproposition,cosmeticshavingyettobeinvented.

Inanycase,asfarastheoriginofmusicisconcerned,drumswereprobablythefirstprimitivemusicinstrumentifweremovethehumanvoicefromtheequation.

TheEncyclopediaBritannicastates"DrumsappearwithwidegeographicdistributioninarchaeologicalexcavationsfromNeolithictimesonward;oneexcavatedinMoraviaisdatedat6000BC.Earlydrumsconsistedofasectionofhollowedtreetrunkcoveredatoneendwithreptileorfishskinandwerestruckwiththehands.Later,theskinwastakenfromhuntedgameorcattle,andstickswereused.Thedouble-headeddrumcamelater,asdidpotterydrumsinvariousshapes”.Basically“Bangin'onthebongoslikeachimpanzee¹”wasprobablyourfirstartisticexpressionintherealmofmusic.（¹MoneyforNothing—DireStraits）

Thenextlogicalstepupfrompercussioninstrumentsmayhavebeeninthewoodwindorstringfamily.Imagineaprimitivemanfascinatedbythesoundofthewindblowingoversomehollowreed,thenrecreatingtheeffectforhisfellowvillagersatthenextlogbashingparty,whatahithewouldhavebeen!

Regularlifeoftheparty,suchasitwas.

Panpipeswouldhavebeenaneasyprogressionfortheprimitivemindofthetime,stickabunchofvaryinglengthreedstogetherandvoila,letthegoodtimesroll.Themovefromthepanpipetotheflutemusthavetakenamuchgreaterleapoffaithfortheperiod,yetwoodenandboneflutesdiscoveredinchinahavebeendatedasfarbackas9,000yearsago,andoneboneflutemadefrommammothbonedatesback35,000yearsandhasa4notescalecomparabletotheDo,Re,Mi,Fa,scalethatwassoadamantlydrummedintoourlittlegradeschoolheads.

Sosomeconceptofamusicalscaleexistedevenifthedesignermerelychosesoundsthatwerepleasingtohim.Stillthejumpfromblowingoverahollowreedtoblowingdownatubewithgraduatedfingeringholeswasalargeone.

Thestringsectionmostlikelystartedwhensomebravesoulrealizedthatthesinewsgarneredfromtheanimalstheyhuntedhadusesbeyondthetraditionalbindingandstitchingfunctions.Fromthesimple,primitivemusical“twang”ofastringstretchedonabowasintheBrazilian“berimbau”tothemyriadofcomplexstringedinstrumentsinusetoday,fromviolins,toguitars,topianos,andthemanyculturalvariationsthereof.

Pythagoraswascreditedwiththemathematicsofmusicasweknowittoday.Hisfollowers“ThePythagoreans”wereallmusiciansaswellasmathematicians.Accordingtolegend,Pythagorasdiscoveredthatmusicalnotescouldbetranslatedin