戴伟栋 新编简明英语语言学教程笔记.docx

戴伟栋 新编简明英语语言学教程笔记.docx

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戴伟栋新编简明英语语言学教程笔记

戴版语言学

ChapterOne----Introduction

Partone----Whatislinguistics?

1.Definition----linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

Scientificmeansitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.

NoArticlebeforelanguageinthisdefinitionmeansthatlinguisticsstudieslanguageingeneral.

Linguists’task:

basicallystudyandunderstandthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichalllanguagesarebuilt.

Interestoflinguistsis“whatissaid”

2.Thescopesoflinguistics

Generallinguistics----thestudyoflanguageasawhole-----thecoreoflinguistics

Phonetics----thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.

Phonology----thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningsincommunication.

Morphology----thestudyofthewayinwhichthesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords.

Syntax-----thestudyoftherulesforsentenceformation

Semantics-----thestudyofmeaning.

Pragmatics----thestudyofmeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.

Abovearemadeupofthecoreoflinguistics

Sociolinguistics-----thestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyfromthecoreofthebranch.

Psycholinguistics-----thestudyoflanguageprocessing,comprehendingandproduction,aswellaslanguageacquisition.

Appliedlinguistics-----theapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

3.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics.

（1）prescriptivevs.descriptive

prescriptive----thelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay.

Descriptive----thelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

Modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.

（2）Synchronicvs.diachronic

Synchronic----thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.

Diachronic----thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime----thehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime----anothername:

historicallinguistics.

Asynchronicapproachenjoyspriorityoveradiachronicone.

（3）Speechvs.writing

Twomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication

Speechispriortowriting:

（1）writingsystemisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecordspeech.

（2）speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingininformationconveyance.

（3）speechisacquiredasmothertonguewhilewritingislearnedandtaught.

（4）speechrevealstruefeaturesofhumanspeechwhilewritinglanguageisonlythe“revised”recordofspeech.

（4）Languevs.parole

ProposedbySwisslinguist----F.deSaussure----sociologicalview.

Purpose:

discovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.

Langue----theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofsspeechcommunity.----abstract&stable.

Parole-----therealizationoflanguageinactualuse----concrete&varied

（5）Competencevs.performance

ProposedbyAmericanlinguistNoamChomsky----psychologicalview

Purpose:

discoverandspecifytheinternalizedsetsofrules.

Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

（6）Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics

Thebeginningofmodernlinguistics--thepublicationofSaussure’s“CourseinGeneralLinguistics”inearly20th

Modernlinguisticsdifferstraditionalgrammar:

（1）descriptivevs.prescriptive.

（2）spokenlanguagevs.writtenlanguage.

（3）MLdoesn’tforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.

PartTwo----Whatislanguage?

1.Definition----languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

System----elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.

Arbitrary----thereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatsymbolstandsfor.

Vocal----theprimarymediumforalllanguageissound.

Human----languageishuman-specific.

2.Designfeatures----proposedbyAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett.（5/12）

Designfeatures:

thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication-----human-specific.

（1）Arbitrariness----thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

Exceptions:

Onomatopoeicwordsandsomecompoundwordsarenotentirearbitrary.

（2）Productivity----languageiscreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers----userscanproduceandunderstandsentencesthattheyhaveneverheardbefore.

（3）Duality----（anothername:

doublearticulation.）Languageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Thelowerleveristhestructureofmeaninglesssoundsandthehigherlevelisthestructureofmeaning.----sound&meaning

（4）Displacement----languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,inafarawayplaces------Itdoesn’tmatterhowfarawaythetopicisofconversationisintimeorspace-----freefromthebarrierscausedbyseparationintimeandplace.

（5）Culturaltransmission----thecapacityforlanguageisgeneticallybasedwhilethedetailsofandlanguagesystemshouldbetaughtandlearned.-----languageispasseddownfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.

3.Thefunctionsoflanguage.

（1）Informative:

Themainfunctionoflanguagethatwhenpeopleuselanguagetocommunicatewitheachother,theirexperienceintherealworld,recordordescribethe“content”ofthereality,theyareactuallytakingadvantageofthisfunction.----themostimportantfunction.

（2）Interpersonal:

peopleestablishandmaintaintheiridentityinthesocietybythisfunction.

（3）Performative:

thisisafunctionwherebythelanguageinfluencesdirectlyonthereality,suchasthesentenceofimprisonmentbythejudge,thenamingofacertainshipandthecursesasbelievedbytheancientpeople.

（4）Emotive:

thisfunctionisperformedbythoselinguisticelementsusedtoexpressstrongfeelings,suchasexclamatoryexpressions.

（5）Phatic:

thisisfunctionrealizedbythose“Phaticlanguage”,aimingtoestablishingaharmoniousandintimaterelationshipamongpeople.ExamplesinChinese:

吃了没？

inEnglish:

Goodnorning.&Aniceday,isn’tit?

（6）Recreational:

Thisfunctionmeansthatsometimespeoplemayenjoylanguageforlanguage’ssake,i.e.nousinglanguageinanypracticalpurposes,suchastongue-twistersandchildren’sbabblesandchanter’schanting.

（7）Metalingual:

peoplemayuselanguagetotalkabout,explainorevenchangelanguageitself.Thisisthemetalingualfunctionoflanguage.Forexample,wemayuse“book”torefertotheexistingobjectintherealworld,andyetmayalsouse“thewordbook”tostandbytheconcept“book”asembodiedinlanguage.

Chapter2:

Phonology

PartOne:

ThephonicMediumofLanguage

Linguistsconcernonlywiththesoundsthatareproducedbyhumansthroughtheirspeechorgansandhavearoletoplayinlinguisticcommunication.

phonicmedium:

Themeaningfulspeechsoundinhumancommunication.

Speechsounds:

theindividualsoundswithinphonicmediumarethespeechsounds.

PartTwo:

Phonetics

1.Whatisphonetics?

phonetics:

Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguageanditisconcernedwithallsoundsintheworld’slanguages.

Classification:

articulatoryphonetics:

Itstudiessoundsfromthespeaker’spointofview,i.e.howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.-------speaker

auditoryphonetics:

Thestudiessoundsfromthehearer’spointofview,i.e.howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.-----hearer

acousticphonetics:

Itstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.-----physicalproperties

2.OrgansofSpeech

1thepharyngealcavity----throat.

2theoralcavity-------------mouth.------tongue:

mostflexible.

3thenasalcavity-----------nose.InEnglish,therearethreenasalsounds,namely,[m],[n],[η].

voicing:

thewaythatsoundsareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords.

voiceless:

thewaythatsoundsareproducedwithnovibrationofthevocalcords.

3.Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds----broadandnarrowtranscriptions.

IPA:

shortforInternationalPhoneticAlphabets,asystemofsymbolsconsistsoflettersanddiacritics,usedtorepresentthepronunciationofwordsinanylanguage.

broadtranscription:

Theuseoflettersymbolsonlytoshowthesoundsorsoundssequencesinwrittenform.

narrowtranscription:

Theuseoflettersymbol,togetherwiththediacriticstoshowsoundsinwrittenform.

diacritics:

Thesymbolsusedinthenarrowtranscriptiontoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.

aspiration:

Alittlepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsaspeechsound.

4.ClassificationofEnglishSpeechSounds

Classification:

consonant:

aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamisobstructedinonewayoranother.

vowel:

aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamfromthelungmeetswithnoobstruction.

1ClassificationofEnglishconsonants:

1Mannerofarticulation:

Themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated.

Stops:

[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g].

Fricatives:

[f],[v],[s],[z],[θ],[],[∫][3],[h].

Affricates:

[t∫],[d3]

Liquids:

[l],[r].

Nasals:

[m],[n],[η]

Glides:

[w],[j].------semi-vowels

2placeofarticulation:

Theplacewhereobstructioniscreated.

Bilabial:

[p],[b],[m],[w].

Labiodental:

[f],[v]

Dental:

[θ],[]

Alveolar:

[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],