W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno - CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (2016-2017)-CRC Press (2016).pdf

W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno - CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (2016-2017)-CRC Press (2016).pdf

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CRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysics97thEditionThispageintentionallyleftblankThispageintentionallyleftblankCRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysicsAReady-ReferenceBookofChemicalandPhysicalData2016-2017EDITION97thEditor-in-ChiefW.M.Haynes,Ph.D.ScientistEmeritusNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyAssociateEditorsDavidR.Lide,Ph.D.FormerDirector,StandardReferenceDataNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyThomasJ.Bruno,Ph.D.GroupLeaderNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyCRCPressTaylor&FrancisGroup6000BrokenSoundParkwayNW,Suite300BocaRaton,FL33487-27422017byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLCCRCPressisanimprintofTaylor&FrancisGroup,anInformabusinessNoclaimtooriginalU.S.GovernmentworksVersionDate:

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/WILLIAMM.HAYNES（1943-2016）ATributetotheEditor-in-ChiefAsthefinaltoucheswerebeingputonthe97thEdition,ourEditor-in-Chief,Dr.WilliamM.（Mickey）Haynes,succumbedtocancerattheageof73.Hisfinalmonthsweredifficult,yetheremainedcommittedtothehighestqualityandintegrityinsci-entificknowledge.Dr.HaynesjoinedtheNationalBureauofStandards（nowtheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology）in1970aftercompletinghisPh.D.inphysicsattheUniversityofVirginia.In1972hebecameapermanentstaffmemberandwasinvolvedinresearchonmeasurementsandcorrelationsofthethermo-physicalpropertiesoffluidsandfluidmixturesofscientificandindustrialinterest.Hewasresponsibleforthedevelopmentofstate-of-the-artapparatusformeasurementofbothtransportandthermodynamicpropertiesoffluids.Theseinstrumentswereusedforpropertymeasurementsatlowandhightemperaturesandatextremepressures,measurementsthatwerecrucialforthedevelopmentofempiricalandtheoreticalmodelsforthepredic-tionoffluidproperties.Indeed,theintegratedapproachofhighprecisionmeasurementcombinedwithpreciseequationofstatecorrelation,thehallmarkofNISTfluidpropertyresearchtoday,wasdueinlargeparttotheforesightofMickeyHaynes.MickeysresearchbackgroundmadehimanidealcandidatetotakeovertheeditorshipofthisbookfromDr.DavidLidesdis-tinguishedtenure.IfirstmetMickeyin2008,atanACSnationalmeetinginNewOrleans,ashewaspreparingtotakeoverfromDr.Lide.Itwasthebeginningofacollaborationandfriendshipthatwasalltooshort.HistermasEditor-in-Chiefbeganwiththe91stedition,whichpublishedin2010,andwillendwithpubli-cationofthisedition.OverthisperiodMickeyinstigatedapro-gramforverifyingphysicaldataheldintheHandbookversustheThermodynamicsResearchCenterdatabaseatNIST.Hisrepu-tationforprecisionmeasurementsofthermophysicalpropertiesandhisregardfortheimportanceofmakingsuchdataavailablefoundanaturalhomeintheHandbook,andresultedintheover-haulofsomeofthemostimportantandfrequentlyusedtables.Healsotooktheopportunitytoreorganizeothersectionstomakethemmoreusefulforthereader,andheaddedseveralnewtablestotheAnalyticalChemistryandHealthandSafetysections.Mickeywasalwayssuchapositiveforce,andheremainedopti-mistictotheend.ThelasttimeIspoketohimwasafewdaysbeforehepassedaway.Eventhoughitwasclearthathishealthwouldnotimprove,hewasstillworkingonthefinalpageproofs.ThattomeisatestamenttoMickeysdiligenceandperfection-ism,andIhopethepublicationofthe97theditionwillbeafittingtributetohislegacy.FionaMacdonaldPublisher,CRCPressEDITORIALADVISORYBOARDGraceBaysingerSwainChemistryandChemicalEngineeringLibraryStanfordUniversityLevI.BergerCaliforniaInstituteofElectronicsandMaterialsScienceMichaelFrenkelNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyRobertN.GoldbergNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyKozoKuchitsuDepartmentofChemistryJosaiUniversityDanaL.RothMillikanLibraryCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyDanielZwillingerMathematicsDepartmentRensselaerPolytechnicInstitutePREFACEThis97thEditionoftheCRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysicsisthefirsttobeproducedbyanewprocedureinwhichthefullcontentismaintainedinadatabasefromwhichboththeprintversionandtheInterneteditionaregenerated.Thiswillassurethatchemicalnames,formulas,andbasicphysicalproper-tiesareconsistentthroughoutthework.Thusifameltingpointordensityisreplacedbyamoreaccuratevalue,thenewvaluewillbepropagatedintoalltablescontainingthatsubstance.WebelievethisisanimportantstepinmaintainingthereputationoftheCRCHandbookasasourceforthemostcurrentinformationavailable.Intheprocessofcreatingthismasterdatabase,manysmallupdateshavebeenmadethroughoutthebook.Inaddition,sev-eralmajorupdatesandexpansionshavebeenmadeinthisedi-tion.Theseinclude:

CODATAValuesoftheFundamentalPhysicalConstantsThenewsetofCODATAconstants,whichwillbethebasisoftheupcomingrevisionofthebasicinternationalstandardsofmeasurementStandardAtomicWeights2015changesmadebyIUPACAtomicMassesandAbundancesUpdateofisotopicabundancesSurfaceTensionofCommonLiquidsAdditionofnewcompoundsandupdatesofvaluesBasicInstrumentalTechniquesofAnalyticalChemistryExpansiontocovercolorimetryandrefractometryPhotonAttenuationCoefficientsAdditionofabsorptionedgedataClassificationofElectromagneticRadiationUpdatewithmodernterminologyAstronomicalConstantsUpdatewithnewIAUrecom-mendedconstantsSolarSystemPropertiesAdditionofnewlydiscoveredsatellitesoftheplanetsInterstellarMoleculesCompletelistofmoleculesobservedinspacetodateMajorWorldEarthquakesUpdatethrough2015AtmosphericConcentrationofCO2Updatethrough2015GlobalTemperatureTrend-Updatethrough2015AbbreviationsUsedintheAssessmentandPresentationofLaboratoryHazardsExpansionRelativeDoseRangesfromIonizingRadiationExpansionThresholdLimitsforAirborneContaminantsUpdateto2015recommendationsChemicalCarcinogensInclusionof2015recommenda-tionsoftheNationalToxicologyProgramTwonewtopicswereaddedinthe97thEdition:

SurfaceActiveChemicalsTableofpropertiesofthemostimportantsurfactants（solubility,physicalconstants,criticalmicelleconcentration,hydrophilic-lipophilicbalance,etc.）NanomaterialSafetyGuidelinesDefinitionoftermsinnanoscience;guidelinesforsafehandlinganddisposalTheIndextotheCRCHandbookcoversproperties,processes,generalconcepts,andclassesofsubstances.Spacedoesnotper-mitanindextoindividualchemicalcompounds,buttheInternetEditionprovidessearchingforcompoundsonthebasisofname,synonym,molecularformula,CASRegistryNumber,orstructure.Forthebookedition,indexestothetables“PhysicalConstantsofOrganicCompounds”and“PhysicalConstantsofInorganicCompounds”areavailableinPDFformbye-mailrequestto.ThesuccessoftheHandbookisverydependentonfeedbackfromitsusers.TheEditor-in-ChiefappreciatesanysuggestionsfromreadersonproposednewtopicsfortheHandbookorcom-mentsonhowtheusefulnessoftheHandbookmaybeimprovedinfutureeditions.Pleasesendyourcommentstofiona.macdon-.NumerousinternationalexpertsmakekeycontributionstotheHandbook.ThesecontributorsarelistedonpagesimmediatelyfollowingthePreface.TheireffortsplayakeyroleinthequalityanddiversityofthesubjectmattercoveredintheHandbook.ThesoundadviceandguidanceoftheEditorialAdvisoryBoardmem-bers,whoarelistedinthefrontmatter,isverymuchappreciated.FionaMacdonald,PublisherChemical&LifeSciences,CRCPress/Taylor&FrancisGrouphasbeenofgreatassistanceandsupportinprovidingoversighttoensurethattheHandbookcon-tinuestosatisfytheneedsoftheusercommunity.ThanksarealsoduetoLindaManisLeggio,PamMorrell,TheresaGutierrez,andJamesYanchakfortheirdetailed,cooperativeworkandextremecareintheproductionoftheHandbook.SpecialthanksareduetoChrisMuznyandThomasBrunofortheirassistanceinsupportoftheEditor-in-Chief.Finally,itiswithdeepregretthatImustreportthepassingofW.M.（Mickey）Haynes,Editor-in-Chief,duringtheprepar