HND国际实物配送.doc

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HND国际实物配送.doc

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HND国际实物配送.doc

1Transportationmodes

Mode

Totalmodecost

Costperpallet

Transit

time

Advantages

Disadvantages

Sea

620

24.8

7days

Cheapandlargecapacity

Slowandhighrisks

Air

1265

253

4hours

Fastandsecure

Expensiveandfinitecapacity

Rail

1275

2days

Fastandlargecapacity

Lessflexibleandneedrailroad

Directroad

1350

67.5

3days

Betterforshippedandconvenient

Smallcapacityandexpensive

Multi-mode

1185

47.4

7days18hours

Reducehandingofcargoandquickertransittimes

Costofinvestmentishigh

Takeseaasanexample,becausetheshippingrequires25palletsandthetotalcostis620,thecostperpalletis620/25=24.8.Inthesimilarway,otherresultalsocanbecalculated,excepttheMulti-mode.TheMulti-mode’costis1185including125,620,295,and145,thusthecostperpalletis1185/25=47.4.

Airtransportationisoptimumchoice.Airtransportationcanusetheleasttimetoconveygoodsduetofasterspeed.Besides,italsoensuresthesecuritytoalargeextentrelatively.However,italsohassomedisadvantages.Airtransportationhasexpensivecost,andairportisdistantfrommunicipalcenter.

Seatransportationalsocanbechosen.Thoughitistheslowestmethodandvulnerabletobadweatherinocean,itisthelowestexpensesoffreightandcarriesthelargestquantities.

AngusGlenalsocanselectrail.Railhasalargecapacityandislessrefrainedbybadweather.Railhasthesedisadvantages,itisnotmuchflexibleandcannotworkwithoutrailroad.

2Consignmentdeliveryterm

FCA

FreeCarrier

（namedplaceofdelivery）

Atradetermrequiringthesellertodelivergoodsnamedairport,terminal,orotherplacewherecarrieroperates.Costlosstransferbuyerandriskoflosstransfertothebuyerafterdelivertothecarriers.Thesellerfulfilshisobligationdeliverwhenhehashandedgoodsover,clearedforexport,intothechargeofthecarriernamednamedbythebuyeratthenamedplace.Whenusedtradeterms,word“free”meanssellerhasanobediencetodelivergoodsnamedplacefortransfertocarrier（store.iccwbo.org,2016）.

FOB

FreeOnBoard

（namedportofshipment）

atermininternationalcommerciallawspecifyingatwhatpointthesellertransfersownershipofthegoodstothebuyer.UndertheIncoterms2010standardpublishedbytheInternationalChamberofCommerce,FOBisonlyusedinnon-containerizedseafreight,andalsodefinesownershiptransfer.Theownerofthegoodsisresponsiblefordamageorlossduringtransport,sothepointofownershiptransferisimportant（store.iccwbo.org,2016）.

CIF

Cost,Insurance&Freight

（namedportofdestination）

ThistermisbroadlysimilartotheaboveCFRterm,withtheexceptionthatthesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceforthegoodswhileintransittothenamedportofdestination.CIFrequiresthesellertoinsurethegoodsfor110%oftheirvalueunderatleasttheminimu）mcoveroftheInstituteCargoClausesoftheInstituteofLondonUnderwriters,oranysimilarsetofclauses.Thepolicyshouldbeinthesamecurrencyasthecontract.CIFcanbeusedbyanytransportbyseaandairnotlimitedtocontainerizedornon-containerizedcargoandincludesallchargesuptotheport/terminalofentrance.CIPcoversadditionalchargesattheport/terminalofentrance（store.iccwbo.org,2016）.

CPT

CarriagePaidto（namedplaceofdestination）

Thesellerpaysforthecarriageofthegoodsuptothenamedplaceofdestination.However,thegoodsareconsideredtobedeliveredwhenthegoodshavebeenhandedovertothefirstormaincarrier,sothattherisktransferstobuyeruponhandinggoodsovertothatcarrierattheplaceofshipmentinthecountryofExport.Thesellerisresponsiblefororigincostsincludingexportclearanceandfreightcostsforcarriagetothenamedplaceofdestination.Ifthebuyerrequiresthesellertoobtaininsurance,theIncotermCIPshouldbeconsideredinstead（store.iccwbo.org,2016）.

CIP

CarriageandInsurancePaidto（namedplaceofdestination）

CIPrequiresthesellertoinsurethegoodsfor110%ofthecontractvalueunderatleasttheminimumcoveroftheInstituteCargoClausesoftheInstituteofLondonUnderwritersoranysimilarsetofclauses.Thepolicyshouldbeinthesamecurrencyasthecontract,andshouldallowthebuyer,theseller,andanyoneelsewithaninsurableinterestinthegoodstobeabletomakeaclaim.

CIPcanbeusedforallmodesoftransport,whereastheIncotermCIFshouldonlybeusedfornon-containerisedseafreight（store.iccwbo.org,2016）.

DAT

DeliveredAtTerminal（namedterminalatportorplaceofdestination）

ThisIncotermrequiresthatthesellerdeliversthegoods,unloaded,atthenamedterminal.Thesellercoversallthecostsoftransport（exportfees,carriage,unloadingfrommaincarrieratdestinationportanddestinationportcharges）andassumesallriskuntilarrivalatthedestinationportorterminal.

TheterminalcanbeaPort,Airport,orinlandfreightinterchange,butmustbeafacilitywiththecapabilitytoreceivetheshipment.

Allchargesafterunloadingaretobebornebybuyer.However,itisimportanttonotethatanydelayordemurragechargesattheterminalwillgenerallybefortheseller'saccount（store.iccwbo.org,2016）.

DAP

DeliveredAtPlace（namedplaceofdestination）

UnderDAPterms,theriskpassesfromsellertobuyerfromthepointofdestinationmentionedinthecontractofdelivery.

Oncegoodsarereadyforshipment,thenecessarypackingiscarriedoutbythesellerathisowncost,sothatthegoodsreachtheirfinaldestinationsafely.Allnecessarylegalformalitiesintheexportingcountryarecompletedbythesellerathisowncostandrisktoclearthegoodsforexport（store.iccwbo.org,2016）.

DDP

DeliveredDutyPaid（namedplaceofdestination）

Sellerisresponsiblefordeliveringthegoodstothenamedplaceinthecountryofthebuyer,andpaysallcostsinbringingthegoodstothedestinationincludingimportdutiesandtaxes.Thesellerisnotresponsibleforunloading.Thistermisoftenusedinplaceofthenon-IncotermFreeInStore.Thistermplacesthemaximumobligationsonthesellerandminimumobligationsonthebuyer.Noriskorresponsibilityistransferredtothebuyeruntildeliveryofthegoodsatthenamedplaceofdestination（store.iccwbo.org,2016）.

Incoterm2010

Export-

Customsdeclaration

Carriagetoportofexport

Unloadingoftruckinportofexport

Loadingchargesinportofexport

Carriage（SeaFreight/AirFreight）toportofimport

Unloadingchargesinportofimport

Loadingontruckinportofimport

Carriagetoplaceofdestination

Insurance

Importcustomsclearance

Importtaxes

EXW

Buyer

FCA

Seller

Buyer

FOB

Seller

Buyer

CPT

Seller

Buyer

CIF

Seller

Buyer

Seller

Buyer

CIP

Seller

Buyer

DAT

Seller

Buyer

DAP

Seller

Buyer

DDP

Seller

Forincoterms’importance,itcanensurethattransactionsarefinishedsuccessfullyandsafely.Bynegotiating,sellersandbuyerscansigncontractcontainingrightanddutyandotherpertinentitem.Italsoexplicitlyshowsthepriceandcostbetweenbuyersandsellers.Ingeneral,buyersshouldpaycost,freightandinsurance.Itisgoodforsolvingconflict.Intheend,incotermsisbeneficialforrelevantagenciestocarryoutoperationalactivities

3Consolidationandgroupagearrangement

Groupage

Less-than-containerload（LCL）isashipmentthatisnotlargeenoughtofillastandardcargocontainer.TheabbreviationLCLformerlyappliedtolessthancarloadforquantitiesofmaterialfromdifferentshippersorfordeliverytodifferentdestinationscarriedinasinglerailwaycarforefficiency.LCLfreightwasoftensortedandredistributedintodifferentrailwaycarsatintermediaterailwayterminalsenroutetothefinaldestination.（Henry,RobertSelph（1942））

LCLis"aquantityofcargolessthanthatrequiredfortheapplicationofacarloadrate.Aquantityofcargolessthanthatfillsthevisibleorratedcapacityofaninter-modalcontainer.Itcanalsobedefinedasaconsignmentofcargowhichisinefficienttofillashippingcontainer.Itisgroupedwithotherconsignmentsforthesamedestinationinacontaineratacontainerfreightstation.[2]

Consolidation

PeopletakeaboveGroupage’scontainerstosamewarehousetopreservetogether.Then,carryingthemtodifferentboataccordingtothesecontainer’sdestination,forexample,thereare5containersand2boat.If2containers’destinationistheU.S,theywillbecarriedonAboat.Ifanother3containersistoUK,theywillbecarriedonBboat.

Circumstanceswhentheycouldbeused

Thegroupageoftenisnormallyusedbythesea,railanddirectroad.Itsnumberisnotlargeandthegoodshavenorigoroustimerequirements.

Consolidationisfitforairtransportationandcarriesnecessities,thuswhensomeemergencieshappensortransportationneedlesstime,theconsolidationwillbeused.Itacknowledgesthegeneralproductsinsteadoftheexceptionalproducts

Costeffectivepalletloadlevel

Bythepart1,thechoiceisdirectroadwhoseco

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