英语构词法归纳总结原创.docx

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英语构词法归纳总结原创.docx

英语构词法归纳总结原创

英语构词法

英语主要有三种构词法:

转化、派生和合成,下面简要介绍一下这三种构词法。

1、转化构词法:

1有大量的动词可以转化为名词,有时意思没有太大的变化:

Letmehaveatry.我来试一试。

Westoppedthereforaswim.

Hewentoffataruntoconsultadoctor.

Thisisforwinterwear.Don’tmakeittootight.

Ilikeaquietreadaftersupper。

Thiswasagreatsurprise(strike,shock)tomybrother.

Havealook(chat,talk,wash,swim,rest,try,quarrel,smoke,lie,read,run,dream,fight,walk,ride,drink,laugh,dance,bathe,wish,win,fear,love,debate,dispute,interview,taste,etc)

Makeastudy(guess,visit,call,survey,jump,slip,change,search,stay,smart,answer,reply,remark,fight,arrest,appeal,purchase,sacrifice,demand,show,deal,attempt,attack,advance,etc)

Cometoastop(end,pause)

有时意思有一定的变化:

Hewasaboutthesamebuildashisbrother.他的体形和他哥哥差不多。

Lastyear’scatchwasfourtimesthatof1986.去年的捕鱼量为1986年的四倍。

Thiswasadecisivemove.这是一个决定性的步骤。

Theycanbeusedasastockfeed.它们可以作为牲口饲料。

Womenhaveaequalsayineverything.妇女在各方面都有同样的发言权。

Hewontwogames;theothertwoweredraws.他赢了两局,另外两局打平了。

2也有相当多的名词可以当动词用。

许多表示物件的名词可以用做动词来表示动作。

Haveyoubookedyourticket?

Whochairedthemeeting?

Hepinnedgreathopesonus.

Itcanseatathousandpeople.

Wehavemappedoutplansfortheirutilization.

ItpicturesthelifeofoverseasChinesestudents.

Hehurriedlypenciledthetimeonit.

Bynoonhehadbaggedthreehares.

Themachinebottles15000jarsofcoldcreamaday.

Themoneywasallpocketedbycorruptofficials.

Hehammeredanailintothewall.

有些表示身体部位的名词也可以用来做动词。

Handinyouexercise-books,please.

We’llbackyouup.Weshoulddaretofaceanydifficultyanddanger.

Whoheadedthedelegation.(当团长)。

We’llheadedforYunnantomorrow.

Weshouldshouldertheseresponsibilities.(肩负)

Shefingeredthesilkgently.(抚摩)

Soontheseedingsshotupandbegantoear.(抽穗)

I’mneverinterestedinnosingoutthedetailsofsomeoneelse’sprivatelife.(探听)

Theyeyedhimwithsuspicion.(注视)

一些表示一类人的名词也可用做动词:

Ifso,weshallbebadlyfooled.(上当)

Heinsistedonstayinguptonursethechild.(护理)

Wewerehostedbymembersoftheembassy.(款待)

Ouraimistosavethepatientandnottodoctorhimtodeath.(医治)

Theequipmentwasmannedbythreeworkerspershift.(操作)

HehassoldieredinFranceinhisyouth.(当兵)

Thearmywasofficeredbybravemen.(担任军官)

Hefatheredmanyinventions.(有过)

一些表示其他实物的名词也可用做动词:

Eachapartmentcanhouseafamilyofsix.(居住)

Ihopewecanroomtogether.(住)

Thishelpedtobridgeoverourdifficulties.(度过)

Theyfloweredwellbutborelittlefruit.(开花)

Heflooredtheroom.(装地板)

Hemanuredthesoilbeforesowing.(施底肥)

Anaeroplanewasusedtodustinsecticide.(喷洒)

Wedecidedtodamtheriver.(筑河坝)

Heisbusyoilingthebicycle.(上油)

Hewolfeddownthreegreatbowlsofrice.(狼吞虎咽)

Thepilliscoatedwithsugar.(包有糖衣)

Executives,workersandtechniciansteamup.(组织在一起)

此外,还有一些抽象名词等也可以用做动词:

Wheredoswallowswinter?

(过冬)

WesummeredbyLakeGeneva.(度夏)

Forsixdaysandnightstheybattledtosavehislife.(苦战)

Throughmychildhood,Ihadhungeredforeducation.(盼望)

Thissoangeredusthatwebeathimup.(使气愤)

Theattackmustbeproperlytimed.(选择时间)

Theactuallaborforcenumbered12000.(计数有)

Theybreakfasted(lunched)attheguesthouse.(吃早饭)

Over1000studentsstormedintotheSenatebuilding.(冲进)

3有不少形容词也可以用做动词:

Thetrainsloweddowntohalfitsspeed.(减慢一半)

Thisisthechiefwayofnarrowingthedifferencesbetweenthem.(缩小)

Pleasewarmupthedishoverthestove.(热一下)

Theroomgraduallyquieteddown.(安静下来)

Theyperiodicallythinnedoutleaves.(打掉)

Wrongsmustberightedwhentheyarediscovered.(纠正)

Nothingdriessoonerthanatear.(干)。

Shellywasunabletocalmher.

Theresultshumbledhim.(失体面)

Don’tidleawayyourtime.(白白混掉)

Theybravedthebittercoldtocompletetherailway.(不顾)

MostoftheseriversemptyintothePacificOcean.(流入)

Headjustedthelatheandreadiedthecuttingtool.(准备好)

Shebusiedherselfwithhouseholdwork.Don’tdirtyyourclothes.

Theyfinallyfreedthemselvesfromslavery.

Onlythuscanwebetterthelifeofthepeople.

Hefelthimselfwronged.(受了委屈)Hishairisbeginningtogrey.

Thenewspaperhadbeenyellowedbysunlight.

Heloweredhisvoice.

另外有个别其他词类的词可用做动词:

Thishelpedtofurthertheirunity.(促进adv---v)

Truthwillout.(大白adv---v)

3000workerstheredownedtools.(放下工具罢工adv---v)

Pleaseforwardthelettertomynewaddress.(转寄adv---v)

Shewilloffanddoherownthings.(走掉adv---v)

Isecondthemotion.(同意num---v)

4有不少形容词可用做名词:

Noblesconstitutedsevenpercentofthepopulation.(贵族)

Hedidn’twanttodisturbthequietneededbythepatients.(安静环境)

He’sadear.WhenisyourFrenchoral?

(口语课)

Theirjoblesstotal(总数)reachedarecordhigh(高峰)since1940.

Thereisonlyoneblackinmyclass.

Sheisinvestigatingtheancients’conceptionoftheuniverse.(古人)

Heisanaturalforthejob.(天生适合……的人)

Itisnecessarytomakeadistinctionbetweenrightandwrong.

Theyarerunninginthefinal.Oursix-year-oldisatschool.

Inshort,forshort,ingeneral,forfree,inred,inpublic,incommon,inparticular等.

5此外,还有个别其他转化的情况:

Thisisarepeatperformanceoftheiroldpolicy.(故伎重演)

Theyheldafancydressball.(化装)Webegantomarchnorth.

Hisargumentscontainstoomanyifsandbuts.

Thisbookisamustforstudentsofelectronics.(必读书)

Haveyouconsideredthewhyandhowoftheplan?

Haveyouhadamedicalyet?

(检查身体)

6有一些词可以词形不变用作另一词类,但是重音发生变化.

Digestexportimportincreasepermitpresentprogressproducerecordrefusesuspecttransportperfectcontentdeserttransport等

7另外有些词通过改变词尾的清浊音来改变词类,有的拼写无变化,有的拼写发生改变:

use---useexcuse---excusehouse---housemouth---mouthpractice---practiseadvice—advisebelief—believegrief---grievehalf---halvesrelief—relievethief-----theft---thievereceipt—receiveweight—weighhalf—halvecomplaint—complain

还有一些词转化为另一词时元音或拼法也发生了变化:

bath---bathebreath---breatheblood---bleedfood—feedgold—gildproof---provespeech—speaktale—tellsale—selllose---lossfill—fullchoose---choice

2、派生构词法:

派生构词法主要是有词根加后缀构成。

1构成名词的后缀常用的有下面这些:

-er加在动词后表示人:

adviserannouncerthinkeradmirerbakerbarberfounderlearnerplayerbabysittereye-openerspeakeremployertrainerpeace-loverdeer-hunterwood-cutterlandownermoneylenderonlookerminerpasser-bysupporterbread-winnerlabourerdesignerschool-leaverlawyermanager(经理)passenger(旅客)beggar

加在动词后表示工具或物品:

air-conditionercan-openercookerharvestereraserdrawerdusterrecordertelephone-receivertimercounterpain-killerbestsellercontainerbest-sellerheater(加热器)posterrollerreminder

加在名词形容词后表示人:

villagerbankerfarmerLondonerNewZealanderownerstrangerforeignersouthernerteenagerphotographeroutsiderislandermillergardener,messenger

-oractorsailortransistorsemi-conductorinventorgovernoroperatoreditorvisitorelevatorcalculatorprofessordirectorcollectorcompetitorinspectornavigator

-arbeggar,liar,scholar,burglar

-istMarxistartistpianistsocialistcommunistcapitalistdentistscientisttouristtypistspecialist专家novelisttourist

-eeemployeetraineetrustee(理事)addressee(收件人)referee(裁判)intervieweeappointee(被任命人)

-eerpioneerengineerprofiteer(投机商)mountaineervolunteer

-esshostessactresswaitresslionesstigressprincessgoddessempressheiressmistresspoetesspriestessshepherdessfairness

-ianmagicianmusiciantechnicianphysicianpoliticianlibrariancomedian,pedestrian

-iercashiersoldierfinancierpremier

-aryrevolutionary,secretary

-eseChineseJapanesePortuguesePekinese

-antdependantinhabitantcontestantattendant(服务员)servant,immigrant,inhabitant,assistant,descendant

-entagent,president,resident,student,correspondent

-mansportsmanseamanfiremansalesmanspokesmanstatesmanfisherman

countrymanpostman

-ismsocialismMarxismracismheroismoptimism

-nessillnesssicknesshappinessgreatnesscoldnesskindnessgoodnessdarknesssadnessbitternesscarelessnessloneliness

-(a)tiondictationpreparationoperationliberationexceptionrepetitionpronunciationdescriptionexplanationsuggestionattentionintentionintroductiondirectionseparationmodernizationconsiderationinvitationcollectionprotectioncompetitionrecognitiontranslationrealizationimaginationreductionadditionpollutionexhibitionconnectionconstructiondeterminationinterruptioncongratulationsatisfactionrelaxationreflectionreceptionexceptionsituation(形势,情况)temptation

-iondiscussionrevisiondecisionexpansionpersuasioncomparisonpermissionexpressionpossessionexplosionadmissionimpression

-mentdevelopmentdisagreementagreementjudgmentmovementargumentgovernmentdisappointmentastonishmentamazementemploymentpunishmentimprovementencouragementmanagementenjoymentexcitementsettlementtreatmentannouncementrequirementrefreshmentstatementbasemententertainmentassignment

-ingbuildingsmokingreadingswimmingfeelingpaintingweddingfreezingsleep-pillsclose-plantingdeep-ploughingEnglish-speakingsight-seeingfarminggardeningprintingearningssavingsweddingsurroundingfittingsgreetingbodybuildingagingblessingthanksgiving

-shipleadershipfriendshipscholarshiphardshipcitizenshipmembershipwarshipseamanshipownershipcompanionshiprelationshipworship

-hoodchildhoodboyhoodfalsehood(谬误)likelihood(可能性)motherhood(母性,为母之道)brotherhood

-agemarriagecarriageshortageleakage(泄露)baggageadvantagepassagestoragepercentagepackage包装advantage

-urefailurepressurepleasureseizure(抓,没收)mixturemoisturesignaturearchitecturecreaturedepartureliterature

-domfreedomkingdomofficialdom(官僚作风)wisdom

-tysafetycruelty(残酷)loyalty(忠诚)penalty(处罚)varietyquality(质量)certaintypovertyanxiety

-ityactivityrealityhumidity(湿度,潮湿)possibilityelectricitynationalitymajorityminoritydisabilityequalitysecuritynecessity

-y(ry)difficultyslaverydiscoveryinquiry

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