body language论文.docx

body language论文.docx

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bodylanguage论文

湖南~~~~学院

语言学导论期末论文

Bodylanguageincross-culturalcommunication

学部:

外国语学部

班级:

英本!

!

!

!

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姓名：

赖雅

【摘要】

身势语是非语言交际的重要组成部分并和文化紧密联系在一起。

为了在跨文化交际中能够成功地进行交流，我们应该了解不同文化的身势语，必须承认世界各国的身势语与语言和文化一样，也有相似之处。

然而，由于地域，种族，文化习俗的差异，不同文化的身势语有许多差异。

它们由文化制约并拥有独特的文化内涵。

也就是说，同样的身势语在不同文化背景下有不同的含义，行使着不同的社会功能。

本文致力于从目光语，手势语，身体姿态，面对不同文化的身势语进行对比。

目的在于通过列举身势语的文化差异与共性，并提出交际中遵循的原则，从而促进有效交流，避免在实体语用中的语义误解。

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[Abstract]Bodylanguageisanimportantpartofnonverbalcommunicationanditisconnectedwithculture.Inordertomakesuccessfulexchangeincross-culturalcommunication,weshouldknowthebodylanguagefromdifferentcultures.Andweshouldrealizethatbodylanguage,likeverbalcommunicationandculture,alsohasmanysimilaritiesallovertheworld.However,bodylanguagefromdifferentcultureshasmanydifferencesbecauseofdifferentregions,racesandculturalcustoms.Anditisrestrictedbyitscultureandhasdifferentculturalconnotations.Thatistosay,thesamebodylanguagehasdifferentmeaningsindifferentculturesandhasdifferentsocialfunctions.Thisarticledevotestoacomparisonandcontrastofbodylanguageindifferentculturesintermsofeyelanguage,gestures,postures,facialexpressionsandtouch.Itaimstoillustratethedifferencesandsimilaritiesofbodylanguageandputforwardtheprinciplesofreducingbarriersincommunicationsoastoachieveefficientcommunicationandtoavoidmisunderstanding.（LiuYaqinandHuchao,“CulturalValueReflectedinNon-verbalCommunication）

[KeyWords]NonverbalCommunication;BodyLanguage;CulturalDifferencesandSimilarities;Principles

Content

1.Introduction

2.TheDefinitionofBodyLanguage

3.ThetypesofBodyLanguageinnonverbalcommunication

3.1Bodylanguage---EyeLanguage

3.2BodyLanguage---Gestures

3.3Bodylanguage---Postures 

4.Conclusion

Bodylanguage

1.Introduction

Bodylanguageisnotlanguageinthestrictsenseofthewordlanguage;itrefersto,infact,abroadtermforformsofcommunicationusingbodymovements,gestures,facialexpressionsandeyebehaviorsinadditiontosounds,verballanguage,orotherformsofcommunication.Somescholarstreatbodylanguageasanequivalenttononverbalcommunication.Althoughwemaynotrealizeitwhenwetalkwithothers,wemakeourselvesunderstoodnotonlybywords.Thereareplentyofnonverbalcommunicationsarounduseveryday..In1972,aresearchmadebyAmericanlinguistsshowedthatonly35percentcommunicationmessageissentbyverbalcommunication,while65percentissentbynonverbalcommunication.（Weijie,CuiXueandZhangHuili238）

Itisobviousthatnonverbalcommunicationplaysanimportantroleinourcommunication.Wecanunderstanditwellbysomefunctionsanddifferentculturalinstancesofbodylanguage.Butthefactisthatmanypeopledidn’tpaymuchattentiontotheculturalbackgroundsandusedbodylanguagestocommunicatewithothersinaninappropriatewayandinappropriateoccasion.Inthisway,thesocialpragmaticfailuresoftenoccurduringtheNonverbalcommunication.Hence,wehavetofigureoutsomesolutionstodealwithit,suchasstrengthenculturalawareness,avoidnegativestereotypeandcultivatecross-culturalcommunicationcompetence.Onlyinthiswaycanweachieveasatisfiedresultfromtheinterculturalcommunication.（LvXiaoboandChenYi.“BodyLanguage——Communications.”）

2.TheDefinitionofBodyLanguage

Bodylanguageisknownasnon-verbalbehaviorwhichtransmitsinformationthroughgestures,movementsandfacialexpressions.Peoplecommunicatewitheachotherbytheirbodylanguageinthewaysofnodding,waving,eyecontacting,shruggingandsoon.Accordingtothepsychologists’research,thesewayscanexpresssomethingthatverballanguagecannotdirectlyexpress.Bodylanguagecanbedividedintoeyelanguage,posture,andgesture.

3.ThetypesofBodyLanguageinnonverbalcommunication（LiLinlin,“BodyLanguage:

anImportantMeansofCommunication”OverseasEnglish.4（2010）:

187）

3.1Bodylanguage---EyeLanguage

Assayinggoes“Theeyesarethewindowofthesoul”.Thatistosay,wecanreadone’smindthroughhis/hereyes.Eyelanguagecanexpresscomplicatedfeelingsanditisanimportantwaytojudgetheintimacyofcommunicators.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountrieshavemoreeyecontactwhentheyareinconversation.AccordingtoAmericantradition,communicatorsmustgazeateachother.“Buttherearemanyrulesabouteyelanguage:

Whethertolookattheothercommunicatorornot;whenitisthetimetolookatthem,howlongwecanlookat;whowecanlookatandwhowecan’t;theyallimplydifferentmeaningsincommunication.”[1]4InJuliet’sFaster’sbook“BodyLanguage”,thereisaparagraphwhichcanexplaintheproblem.“Twostrangerssitfacetofaceinthedinningroominatrain;theycanintroducethemselvestoeachother.Whentheyareeating,theycantalkanythingelse.Theyalsocanavoideyecontactanddonotshowinterestineachother.Awriterdescribedthissituationinanarticle“Theylookoverthemenuagainandagain,playwithknivesandlookattheirnails.Itseemsthattheylookatthemforthefirsttime.Iftheireyesmeet,theywillturnawayimmediatelyandlookoutofthewindow.”

Americanspaygreatattentiontothetimeandthewayofeyecontact.Incommonconversation,theywilllookateachotheraboutoneminuteandthentheywilllookaway.IftwoAmericansgazeateachother,whichindicatetheyareintimate.InNorthAmerica,thechildrentherehavelearnedtolookattheothercommunicatordirectly.Iftheydon’t,theyareregardedlackofenthusiasmorconfidence.Theybelievethesaying“Nevertrustapersonwhocan’tlookyouintheeyes.”

IftwoArabiansareinconversation,theywilllookateachotherwarmly.Becausetheythinkeyesarethekeyoftheirexistence.ButinAmericaneyes,theythinkthisbehaviorisunsuitableorahomosexualbehavior.TheeducatedEnglishmenbelievedirecteyecontactwithourcommunicatorsisgentlemanly.ButSwedishuseeyelanguagemoreoftenthanEnglishmen.AndtheFrenchespeciallyliketolookattentivelyattheothercommunicatorswithadmiration.Japaneseoftenlookattheothercommunicator’sneckwhentheyareinconversation.Theybelieveeyecontactisimpolite.AndChineseconsidergazingpeopleisanunfriendlybehavioranditisachallenge.SomeSouthAmericanIndiansusedtolookatdifferentdirectionswhentheyaretalking.IntheMiddleEast,itisconsideredextremelyprovocativeforawomantoletamancatchhereyes,letalone,returnhisgaze.

3.2BodyLanguage---Gestures

“Gesturemeanswecommunicateandexpressbythemovementandmannersofourhandsandfingers.”“Withoutgestures,ourworldwillbestaticandcolorless.Wemayliterallyrollupoursleeveswhentalkingaboutcleaninguptheroomandruntomeetthepersonweareeagertosee.Itseemsnaturaltoclenchourfistorperhapsevenpoundtothelecterntoleteveryonerealizetheimportanceofourmessagewhentryingtocommunicateastrongfeeling,whichemphasizeourwords.” Inourdailylife,everyonemakesgestures,butmanygestureshavedistinctregionalandculturalfeatures.“Don’tassumethateveryoneintheworldunderstandsonegestureinthesameway.”

Americansoftentouchtheirtemplestoexpresssomebody’scleverness.Butthisactionmeansthereissomethingwrongwithone’smindoroneisstupidtoChinese.ChineseareoftensurprisedtoseeAmericanslaytheirhandsontheirneckswhentheyarefull.BecauseitisansuicideactiontoChinese,whousedtoexpressfullnessbypattingtheirstomachs.Andanotherexample,

Inwesternculture,peoplestretchoutone’sforefingerandswingitleftandright,whichsignalstowarnsomebodynottodosomething.Thephrase“crossone’sfingers”meansblessingsomebody’sgoodluck.Thegestureofthumbingaridesignifiesaskingforafreerideinmotorvehiclebystretchingupone’sthumb.InAmerica,peopleholdtheirthumbsandforefingersintoacircleandstretchuptheotherfingers,whichmeans“OK”inAmerica,butitmeanssomebodyisfiredbybossinJapan.InChina,holdingupone’sthumbmeansgood,andraisingone’slitterfingermeansbad.ButJapanesewillholduptheirlittlefingerstoexpressoneistheirlover.InAmerica,wavingone’shandmeansgoodbye.ButSouthAmericanswillnotleavewhentheyseethisgesture,inturns;theywillruntowardsyou.

PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesturnaroundtheirringsconstantlytoshownervousnessoruneasiness.NowpeoplefromTaiwanandHongKongalsohavethisgesture.ButifpeopleinthemainlandofChinaactlikethis,theywillberegardedtheyareshowingoffrichness.Itiscleartoseethesamegesturewithdifferentmeaningsindifferentcultures,andpeoplefromdifferentcultureswillexpresssamemeaningbydifferentgestures.Soitisnecessaryforustoknowtheculturaldifferencetoavoidmisunderstanding.

3.3Bodylanguage---Postures 

 “Postureisamatterofhowpeoplesit,walk,standandmove.”[12]同[8]p65 Whatkindofposturepeopleusealsocanreflecttheculturaldifferencesbetweeneastandwest.“Hewespointedoutculturemostlydeterminedwhatkindofposturespeopleuseandthemeaningandemotiontheysuggested.”

AccordingtoChinesetradition,peoplewhoaresittinghaverighttotakechargeofothers:

Monarchsitsandofficerstands;fathersitsandsonstands;leadersitsandemployeestandsandsoon.Sotheyoungergivetheoldaseattoshowrespect.ButinAmericaandBritain,peoplewhoareinchargeofothershavetendencytostand.Theywillmakeuseoftheheightofspacetoindicatethehighstatus.Peoplewhohavehighstatuschoosetositwhentheyareconversingwithyou,which