考研英语一及答案.docx

考研英语一及答案.docx

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考研英语一及答案

2012考研英语

（一）真题及答案

TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet，inseveralinstances，justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt'sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.

JusticeAntoninScalia，forexample，appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt'sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast，thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.

Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.

TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.

Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions，thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.

Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt'slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand，_20_，convincingaslaw.

1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify [D]recognize

2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless

3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated

4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted

5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded

6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone

7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies8.[A]evade [B]raise[C]deny[D]settle

9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict

10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though

12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace

13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer

14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied

15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions

16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls

17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted

18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore

19.[A]accessible [B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable

20.[A]byallmesns[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresult

Text1

Comeon-Everybody'sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage，halfinvitationandhalfforcing，iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking，drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub，TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure，inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.

Rosenberg，therecipientofaPulitzerPrize，offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction：

InSouthCarolina，astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica，anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.

Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on：

theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits，andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.“Daretobedifferent，pleasedon'tsmoke！

”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers，whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers，soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.

Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure，Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit'spresentedhereisthatitdoesn'tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.

There'snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure：

weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.

Farlesscertain，however，ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It'sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat'stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside：

intherealworld，asinschool，weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.

21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph，peerpressureoftenemergesas

[A]asupplementtothesocialcure[B]astimulustogroupdynamics

[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors

22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould

[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers[B]learnfromadvertisers'experience

[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements

23.Intheauthor'sview，Rosenberg'sbookfailsto

[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure

[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect

24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors

[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies

[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits

25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis

[A]harmful[B]desirable

[C]profound[D]questionable

Text2

Adealisadeal-except，apparently，whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany，amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland，provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.

Instead，thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont'srulesinthefederalcourt，aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It'sastunningmove.

Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002，whenthecorporationboughtVermont'sonlynuclearpowerplant，anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale，thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006，thestatewentastepfurther，requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant'slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature'sapproval.Then，too，thecompanywentalong.

EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments，oritsimplydidn'tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents，includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage，raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee'ssafetyandEntergy'smanagement-especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy'sbehavior，theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.

Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation，andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure：

whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower，legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly，therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword，thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.

ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates，includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely，thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission（NRC）reviewsthecompany'sapplication，itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.

26.Thephrase“renegingon”（Line3.para.1）isclosestinmeaningto

[A]condemning.[B]reaffirming.

[C]dishonoring.[D]securing.

27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement，Entergyintendedto

[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.

[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.

28.AccordingtoParagraph4，Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits

[A]managerialpractices.[B]technicalinnovativeness.

[C]financialgoals.[D]businessvision

29.Intheauthor'sview，theVermontcasewilltest

[A]Entergy'scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.[B]thematureofstates'patchworkregulations.[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.[D]thelimitsofstates'powerovernuclearissues.

30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat

[A]Entergy'sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.[B]theauth