Federal Rules Of Evidence美国联邦证据规则版.docx

Federal Rules Of Evidence美国联邦证据规则版.docx

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FederalRulesOfEvidence美国联邦证据规则版

FederalRulesOfEvidence（2013）

ARTICLEI.GENERALPROVISIONS

Rule101.Scope;Definitions

（a）Scope.TheserulesapplytoproceedingsinUnitedStatescourts.Thespecificcourtsandproceedingstowhichtherulesapply,alongwithexceptions,aresetoutinRule1101.

（b）Definitions.Intheserules

（1）“civilcase”meansacivilactionorproceeding;

（2）“criminalcase”includesacriminalproceeding;

（3）“publicoffice”includesapublicagency;

（4）“record”includesamemorandum,report,ordatacompilation;

（5）a“ruleprescribedbytheSupremeCourt”meansaruleadoptedbytheSupremeCourtunderstatutoryauthority;and

（6）areferencetoanykindofwrittenmaterialoranyothermediumincludeselectronicallystoredinformation.

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Rule102.Purpose

Theserulesshouldbeconstruedsoastoadministereveryproceedingfairly,eliminateunjustifiableexpenseanddelay,andpromotethedevelopmentofevidencelaw,totheendofascertainingthetruthandsecuringajustdetermination.

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Rule103.RulingsonEvidence

（a）PreservingaClaimofError.Apartymayclaimerrorinarulingtoadmitorexcludeevidenceonlyiftheerroraffectsasubstantialrightofthepartyand:

（1）iftherulingadmitsevidence,aparty,ontherecord:

（A）timelyobjectsormovestostrike;and

（B）statesthespecificground,unlessitwasapparentfromthecontext;or

（2）iftherulingexcludesevidence,apartyinformsthecourtofitssubstancebyanofferofproof,unlessthesubstancewasapparentfromthecontext.

（b）NotNeedingtoRenewanObjectionorOfferofProof.Oncethecourtrulesdefinitivelyontherecord—eitherbeforeorattrial—apartyneednotrenewanobjectionorofferofprooftopreserveaclaimoferrorforappeal.

（c）Court’sStatementAbouttheRuling;DirectinganOfferofProof.Thecourtmaymakeanystatementaboutthecharacterorformoftheevidence,theobjectionmade,andtheruling.Thecourtmaydirectthatanofferofproofbemadeinquestion-and-answerform.

（d）PreventingtheJuryfromHearingInadmissibleEvidence.Totheextentpracticable,thecourtmustconductajurytrialsothatinadmissibleevidenceisnotsuggestedtothejurybyanymeans.

（e）TakingNoticeofPlainError.Acourtmaytakenoticeofaplainerroraffectingasubstantialright,eveniftheclaimoferrorwasnotproperlypreserved.

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Rule104.PreliminaryQuestions

（a）InGeneral.Thecourtmustdecideanypreliminaryquestionaboutwhetherawitnessisqualified,aprivilegeexists,orevidenceisadmissible.Insodeciding,thecourtisnotboundbyevidencerules,exceptthoseonprivilege.

（b）RelevanceThatDependsonaFact.Whentherelevanceofevidencedependsonwhetherafactexists,proofmustbeintroducedsufficienttosupportafindingthatthefactdoesexist.Thecourtmayadmittheproposedevidenceontheconditionthattheproofbeintroducedlater.

（c）ConductingaHearingSoThattheJuryCannotHearIt.Thecourtmustconductanyhearingonapreliminaryquestionsothatthejurycannothearitif:

（1）thehearinginvolvestheadmissibilityofaconfession;

（2）adefendantinacriminalcaseisawitnessandsorequests;or

（3）justicesorequires.

（d）Cross-ExaminingaDefendantinaCriminalCase.Bytestifyingonapreliminaryquestion,adefendantinacriminalcasedoesnotbecomesubjecttocross-examinationonotherissuesinthecase.

（e）EvidenceRelevanttoWeightandCredibility.Thisruledoesnotlimitaparty’srighttointroducebeforethejuryevidencethatisrelevanttotheweightorcredibilityofotherevidence.

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Rule105.LimitingEvidenceThatIsNotAdmissibleAgainstOtherPartiesorforOtherPurposes

Ifthecourtadmitsevidencethatisadmissibleagainstapartyorforapurpose—butnotagainstanotherpartyorforanotherpurpose—thecourt,ontimelyrequest,mustrestricttheevidencetoitsproperscopeandinstructthejuryaccordingly.

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Rule106.RemainderoforRelatedWritingsorRecordedStatements

Ifapartyintroducesallorpartofawritingorrecordedstatement,anadversepartymayrequiretheintroduction,atthattime,ofanyotherpart—oranyotherwritingorrecordedstatement—thatinfairnessoughttobeconsideredatthesametime.

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ARTICLEII.JUDICIALNOTICE

Rule201.JudicialNoticeofAdjudicativeFacts

（a）Scope.Thisrulegovernsjudicialnoticeofanadjudicativefactonly,notalegislativefact.

（b）KindsofFactsThatMayBeJudiciallyNoticed.Thecourtmayjudiciallynoticeafactthatisnotsubjecttoreasonabledisputebecauseit:

（1）isgenerallyknownwithinthetrialcourt’sterritorialjurisdiction;or

（2）canbeaccuratelyandreadilydeterminedfromsourceswhoseaccuracycannotreasonablybequestioned.

（c）TakingNotice.Thecourt:

（1）maytakejudicialnoticeonitsown;or

（2）musttakejudicialnoticeifapartyrequestsitandthecourtissuppliedwiththenecessaryinformation.

（d）Timing.Thecourtmaytakejudicialnoticeatanystageoftheproceeding.

（e）OpportunitytoBeHeard.Ontimelyrequest,apartyisentitledtobeheardontheproprietyoftakingjudicialnoticeandthenatureofthefacttobenoticed.Ifthecourttakesjudicialnoticebeforenotifyingaparty,theparty,onrequest,isstillentitledtobeheard.

（f）InstructingtheJury.Inacivilcase,thecourtmustinstructthejurytoacceptthenoticedfactasconclusive.Inacriminalcase,thecourtmustinstructthejurythatitmayormaynotacceptthenoticedfactasconclusive.

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ARTICLEIII.PRESUMPTIONSINCIVILCASES

Rule301.PresumptionsinCivilActionsGenerally

Inacivilcase,unlessafederalstatuteortheserulesprovideotherwise,thepartyagainstwhomapresumptionisdirectedhastheburdenofproducingevidencetorebutthepresumption.Butthisruledoesnotshifttheburdenofpersuasion,whichremainsonthepartywhohaditoriginally.

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Rule302.ApplyingStateLawtoPresumptionsinCivilCases

Inacivilcase,statelawgovernstheeffectofapresumptionregardingaclaimordefenseforwhichstatelawsuppliestheruleofdecision.

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ARTICLEIV.RELEVANCEANDITSLIMITS

Rule401.TestforRelevantEvidence

Evidenceisrelevantif:

（a）ithasanytendencytomakeafactmoreorlessprobablethanitwouldbewithouttheevidence;and

（b）thefactisofconsequenceindeterminingtheaction.

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Rule402.GeneralAdmissibilityofRelevantEvidence

Relevantevidenceisadmissibleunlessanyofthefollowingprovidesotherwise:

∙theUnitedStatesConstitution;

∙afederalstatute;

∙theserules;or

∙otherrulesprescribedbytheSupremeCourt.

Irrelevantevidenceisnotadmissible.

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Rule403.ExcludingRelevantEvidenceforPrejudice,Confusion,WasteofTime,orOtherReasons

Thecourtmayexcluderelevantevidenceifitsprobativevalueissubstantiallyoutweighedbyadangerofoneormoreofthefollowing:

unfairprejudice,confusingtheissues,misleadingthejury,unduedelay,wastingtime,orneedlesslypresentingcumulativeevidence.

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Rule404.CharacterEvidence;CrimesorOtherActs

（a）CharacterEvidence.

（1）ProhibitedUses.Evidenceofaperson’scharacterorcharactertraitisnotadmissibletoprovethatonaparticularoccasionthepersonactedinaccordancewiththecharacterortrait.

（2）ExceptionsforaDefendantorVictiminaCriminalCase.Thefollowingexceptionsapplyinacriminalcase:

（A）adefendantmayofferevidenceofthedefendant’spertinenttrait,andiftheevidenceisadmitted,theprosecutormayofferevidencetorebutit;

（B）subjecttothelimitationsinRule412,adefendantmayofferevidenceofanallegedvictim’spertinenttrait,andiftheevidenceisadmitted,theprosecutormay:

（i）offerevidencetorebutit;and

（ii）offerevidenceofthedefendant’ssametrait;and

（C）inahomicidecase,theprosecutormayofferevidenceoftheallegedvictim’straitofpeacefulnesstorebutevidencethatthevictimwasthefirstaggressor.

（3）ExceptionsforaWitness.Evidenceofawitness’scharactermaybeadmittedunderRules607,608,and609.

（b）Crimes,Wrongs,orOtherActs.

（1）ProhibitedUses.Evidenceofacrime,wrong,orotheractisnotadmissibletoproveaperson’scharacterinordertoshowthatonaparticularoccasionthepersonactedinaccordancewiththecharacter.

（2）PermittedUses;NoticeinaCriminalCase.Thisevidencemaybeadmissibleforanotherpurpose,suchasprovingmotive,opportunity,intent,preparation,plan,knowledge,identity,absenceofmistake,orlackofaccident.Onrequestbyadefendantinacriminalcase,theprosecutormust:

（A）providereasonablenoticeofthegeneralnatureofanysuchevidencethattheprosecutorintendstoofferattrial;and

（B）dosobeforetrial—orduringtrialifthecourt,forgoodcause,excuseslackofpretrialnotice.

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Rule405.MethodsofProvingCharacter

（a）ByReputationorOpinion.Whenevidenceofaperson’scharacterorcharactertraitisadmissible,itmaybeprovedbytestimonyabouttheperson’sreputationorbytestimonyintheformofanopinion.Oncross-examinationofthecharacterwitness,thecourtmayallowaninquiryintorelevantspecificinstancesoftheperson’sconduct.

（b）BySpecificInstancesofConduct.Whenaperson’scharacterorcharactertraitisanessentialelementofacharge,claim,ordefense,thecharacterortraitmayalsobeprovedbyrelevantspecificinstancesoftheperson’sconduct.

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Rule406.Habit;RoutinePractice

Evidenceofaperson’shabitoranorganization’sroutinepracticemaybeadmitte