英语国家概况的复习重点.docx

英语国家概况的复习重点.docx

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英语国家概况的复习重点

英语国家概况的复习重点

英语国家概况六国比较

英语国家概况-地理、人口、气候篇

1、地理位置,面积:

英国:

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandBritainisanislandcountry.Itissuroundedbythesea.ItliesinthenorthAtlanticOceanoffthenorthcoastofEurope.ItisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthesouthandtheBorthseaintheeast.TheBritaincoversanareaof244,100squarekms.Itruns1,000kmsfromnorthtosouthandextends,atthewidestpart,about500kilometres.

美国:

theUnitedStatesofAmericaThecontinentalUnitedStatesliesincentralNorthAmericawithCanadatoitsnorth.MexicoandtheGulfofMexicotoitsSouth,theAtlanticOceantoitseastandthePacificOceantoitswest.ThetwoneweststatesAlaskaandHawaiiareseparatedfromthecontinetalUnitedStates.（Joinedin1959）TheU.S.hasalandareaof9.3millionsquarekilometres（the4thlargestcountryintheworld）.Itstreches2,575kilometresfromnorthtosouthand4,500kilometresfromeasttowest.

爱尔兰:

theRepublicofIreland（Eire）TheRepublicofIrelandcoversanareaof70,282sq.km.Thecuntry'stotalboundarysi3,603kmlong,ofwhichitslandborderwithNorthernIrelandis434km.ItisboundedonthenortheastbyNorthernIreland,ontheeastandsoutheastbytheIrishSeaandSt.Geogore'sChannelandonthenorthandwestbytheAtlanticOcean.

加拿大:

CanadaCanadaistheworld'ssecondlargestcountryafterRussia.Ithasalandareaofabout10millionsq.km.ItcoversabouttwofifthsofNorthAmericancomtinent.NorthtoSouth（3,200kilometres）,easttowest（6,400kilometres）.CanadaandUnitedStatessharea6,378kilometreboundarythathasnotbeenfortifiedforoverahundredyears.CanadaliestothenorthoftheUnitedStates.The45thparallelmarkstheboundarybetweenCanadaandnorhternVermontandNewYorkoftheUnitedStates.

澳大利亚:

AustraliaAustraliastrechesfrom10southto44southoflatitudeand113eastto154eastoflongitude.Australiaistheworld'ssmallestcontinentwithanareaof7.7milionsq.km.ButAustraliaisthesixthlargestcountryintheworld.ItsurroundedbytheTasmanSeaandthePacificOceantotheeast,bytheIndianOceantothewest,bytheCoralSea,theAtlanticSeaandTimorSeatothenorth,andtheSouthernIndianOceanandtheGreatAustralianBighttothesouth.

新西兰:

NewZealandNewZealandisintheSouthernPacificOcean,halfwaybetweentheequatorandSouthPole.About1,500kmtothenorthwest,acrosstheTasmanSea,isAustralia.Totheeast,10,600kmofthePacificOceanseparateNewZealandfromSouthAmerica.TheicycontinentofAntarcticalies2,300kmtothesouth.Thelatitudeofthecapitalcity,Wellington,is40S;thelatitudeofChina'scapitalis40N.ItisjustwestoftheInternationalDateline,soitisthefirstcountrytogetthenewday.ThesizeofthecountryissimilartoBritainorJapan.

二、气候，人口

英国:

Britainhasapopulationof57,411,000（1990）.Amaritimetypeofclimate.Wintersaremild,nottoocoldandsummersarecool,nottoohot,andithasasteadyreliablerainfullthroughtoutthewholeyear.Ithasasmallrangeoftemperature.

美国:

TheUnitedStatesofAmerica,withapopulationof255.5millioninJuly1992,isthethirdmostpopulouscountryinthewrold.Bytheyear2050,thepopulationisexpectedtoclimbto383million,a50%increase.TheUnitedStatesislocatedinthemiddlelatitudesnorthoftheequator.Andtherearedifferenttypesofclimateindifferentregions.1）Ahumidcontinentalclimateisfoundinthenorth-easternpartofthecountry.（NewEngland）2）Inthesouth-easternUnitedStatesyoucanfindahumidsubtropicalclimate.*thesetwozonesstretchwestwardacrosstheUnitedStatesuntiltheyapproachthe100thmeridian.3）BeyondthispointtheygraduallygivewaytothecontinentalsteppeclimateoftheGreatPlains.4）ThePacificnorthwestisfavouredwithamaritimeclimate.5）ThesoutherpartofthePacificcoastinCaliforniahasaMediterraneanclimate.

爱尔兰:

ThepopulationofIrelandin1990wasestimatedat3.5million.Itisexpectedtogrowto4millionby2000.TheweatherofIrelandisdescribedas"mild,moistandchangeable".Extremecold,longfrosts,heavysnowsinwinterandscorchingdaysinsummerareuncommon.

加拿大:

Canadahasapopulationofonlyalittleover29million（1994）.Toronto（3.4million）,Montreal（2.9million）andVancouver（1.3million）arethemostpopulouscitiesinCanada.ExceptforsouthwesternSaskatchewanandsoutheasternAlberta,Canadarecievesadequaterainfall.HowevertheclimatethroughoutCanadaisvaried.1）AmaritimeclimatesimilartothatofWashingtonandOregonstatesintheUnitedStatesisfoundinthesouthwesternpartofBritishColombia.2）Northoftheseregionslietheevergreenforestsofthesubarctictaiga.3）InthefarnorththereisapolarclimatewithatreelesstundrazoneGenerallyspeakingtheclimateinCanadaisunfavourable.MuchofCanandahaslongandcoldwinterswithdeepsnow.

澳大利亚:

Today（1996）Australia'spopulationisabout18millionorabouttwopeopletothesquarekilometre.MostAustraliadonotknowtheircontinentverywellbecausetheyliveonthecool,wet,forestedsouth-eastcoastland.ThisisthemostpleasantpartofthecountryandtheforestsareuniquebutitisnotAustralia'smostcommonenvironment.Twothirdsofthecoutryishotanddry.

新西兰:

ThepopulationofNewZealandis3.5million.Approximately10%areMaori,orpartMaori.TheclimateinNewZealandisgenerallytemperate,butbecasuethecountryrunsnorthsouth,theclimateisvaried.InthefarnorthitissubtropicalandinsomemountainousareasofSouthislanditisalmostsubarcitc.Seasonalvariationsarelessextremethaninmanyothercountries.

英语国家概况-政治篇

一、基本政治制度和国家元首

英国：

TheUnitedKingdomeisaconstitutionalmonarchy:

theheadofStatesisakingoraqueen.Inpractice,theSovereignreigns,butdoesnotrule:

theUnitedKongdomisgoverned,inthenameoftheSovereign,byHisorHerMajestty'sGovernment--abodyofMinisterswhoaretheleadingmembersofwhicheverpoliticalpartytheelectoratehasvotedintooffice,andwhoareresponsibletoParliament.ThepresentSovereignisQueenElizabeth

美国：

TheAmericanConsitutionsetupafederalsystermofgovernmentwhichhastwolayersofrule.（centraloffederalgovernmentforthenation,stateandlocalgovernments.）ThePresidentoftheUnitesStatesisheadoftheexecutivebranch.TheWhiteHouseishisofficialresidence.Heisalsoheadofstateelectedbythewholenation.（4years,twotimesatthemost）

爱尔兰：

Irelandisaparliamentaryrepublicandaunitarystateunderthe1937Consitution.Theheadofthestateisthepresident.（7years）

加拿大：

Canada,aself-governingmemeberoftheCommonwealthofNations,isafederationof10povincesandtwoterritories.Canada,alongwithAustralia,NewZealandandsomeotherCommonwealthcountries,recognizesBritain'monarch,QueenElizabathII,asHeadofState.

澳大利亚：

TheCommonwealthofAustraliaisafederation.TheSixcoloniesjoinedtogetherassovereignStates.

新西兰：

NewZealandisasovereignindependentState,whichaparliamentgovernmentandaconstitutionalmonarchy

立法机构,执法机构

2、立法机构

英国:

Parliament（maximum5yearsduration）

ParliamentconsistedoftheSovereign,theHouseofLords（madeupoftheLordsSpiritualandtheLordsTemporal）andHouseofCommons（651）.

美国：

Congress

ArticleIoftheConstitutiongrantsalllegislativepowerofthefederalgovernmenttoaCongresscomposedoftwochambers,aSenate（twomembersfromeachstate,sixyeartermandeveryevenyear,one-thirdoftheSenatestandsforre-election）andaHouseofRepresentatives（basedonpopulationanditssizeisthereforenotspecifiedintheConstitution.435）.

爱尔兰：

Allthelegislativepowerarevestedinthenationalparliament.（Oireachats）

Oireachatshastwohouses.TheyaretheSenate（Seanad）andtheHouseofRepresentives（DailEireann）

加拿大：

AllthelegislativepowerofthefederaladministrationarevestedintheParliamentofCanada,whichconsistsoftheCrown,theSenate（104）andtheHouseofCommons（295）.Therefore,lawsmustbepassedbybothHousesofParliamentandsignedbytheGovernor-GeneralintheQueen'sname.

澳大利亚：

TheAustralianFederalParliamentismodelledontheWestminstersystem.ItistheLegislature.

ItconsistsoftheQueenandtwoHousesofParliament:

theHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate.新西兰：

NewZealandfollowstheBritishParliamentarysystemwithsomevaritions.Since1950theNewZealandParliamenthashadonlyonechamber,theHouseofRepresentatives.（every3years）

三、执法机构

英国:

ThePrimeMinisterisapointedbytheQueen.HealwayssitsintheHouseofCommons.AndhisresidenceisNo.10DowningStreetinLondon.

ThepartywhichwinssufficientseatsataGeneralElectiontocommandamajorityofsupportersintheHouseofCommonsusuallyformstheGovernment.MinistersareappointedbytheQueenontherecommendationofthePrimeMinister.ThemostseniorministerscomposetheCabinet.

美国：

Theheadofthedepartments,chosenbythePresidentandapprovedbytheSenate,formacouncilofadvisersgenerallyknownasthePresident.ThisinculdestheWhiteHousestaff,theOfficeofManagementandBudget,theCouncilofEconomicAdvisers,andtheOfficeofEmergerencyPreparedness.Thedepartmentareasfollows（不打上来了,是书上的P305）

爱尔兰：

TheArticle13oftheConstitutionprovidesthatthepresidentshallappointtheprimeminister（toiseach）onthenominationoftheHouseofRepresentatives（Dail）andthatheshallappointtheothermembersofthegovernmentonthenominationoftheprimeministerwiththepreviousapprovaloftheDail.TheprimeministerholdsofficeeitheruntilhechoosestoresignoruntilhelosesthesupportofthemajorityintheDail.

加拿大：

Queenisrepresentedin