chapter1上课笔记.docx
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chapter1上课笔记
Chapter1动词的时态和语态
IwouldliketoapplyforthejobofhotelofficemanagerattheParadiseHotel.
IcomefromMexicoCity,wheremyfamilyownsahotel.Iworkedinthefamilybusinesspart-timewhenIwasinhighschool.Afterhighschool,IstudiedhotelandrestaurantmanagementattheNationalUniversityofMexico.IcametotheU.Sin2002becauseIwantedtocontinuemyeducationandlearnaboutmanaginglargerhotels.SinceIcametotheU.S,IhaveworkedinseveralAmericanhotels.OvertheyearsmyEnglishhasimproved,andInowconsidermyselfbilingual,fluentinbothSpanishandEnglish,whichisaplusinthehotelbusiness.IhavealsostudiedFrenchandcanspeakitfairlywell.IhavebeenaU.Scitizenforthepasttwoyears.
Ireceivedmybachelor'sdegreefromtheUniversityofIllinoisin2004andmymaster'sdegreefromNorthwesternUniversityin2006.Forthepastfewyears,IhavebeenworkingattheTownandCountryHotel.Asyoucanseefrommyresume,Ihavehadalotofexperienceinvariousaspectsofthehotelbusiness.NowthatIhavemydegreeinbusinessadministration,Iamreadytoassumemoreresponsibilities.
Ifyouhavealreadyfilledthemanager'sposition,Iwouldlikeyoutoconsidermeforanyotherpositionsatyourhotel.Ihavealwayslovedthehotelbusiness,andIknowIcanbeanassettoyourhotel.
Thankyouforconsideringmyapplication.Ilookforwardtomeetingwithyousoon.
Sincerely,
DanielMendoza
1.Danielhasbeen(be)inChicagoforafewyears.Hehashad(have)severalinterviews.Mr.Johnsongot(get)aletterfromDaniellastweek.Therehavebeen(be)manyapplicationsforthejobsincetherecruitmentinformationwasposted(post)ontheofficialwebsite.Accordingtohisresume,Daniel'sparentshavealwaysbeen(always,be)inthehotelbusiness.Danielhasneverworked(never,work)asaprogrammer.Hehadwritten(write)manycoverlettersbeforehewrote(write)thisone.Ourcompanyhasinterviewed(interview)20applicantssofar.MaybeDanielwillbeinterviewed(interview)bytheHRmanagernextweek.Wewillhavefinished(finish)therecruitmentbytheendofthismonth.
2.HRmanager---HRDaniel--D
HR:
I(have)lookedatyourresume.Iseeyouworkinahotel.
D:
Yes,Ido.
HR:
Howlonghaveyoubeendoingthisjob?
D:
Ihavebeendoingthisjobforonlyashorttime.ButIhavegainedalotexperienceinthehotelbusiness.Infact,myparentsownahotelinMexico.
HR:
Howlonghaveyourparentsownedahotel?
D:
Mostoftheirlives.
HR:
Haveyouseenyourparentsrecently?
D:
Yes,Ihave.MymotherhasbeentotheU.Safewtimestoseeme.Butmyfatherhasneverbeenherebecausesomeonehastostayatthehotelallthetime.Hehastoldmemanytimes,"Whenyouareanownerofabusiness,youdon'thavetimeforvacations."ButIdon'twanttobeanownernow.Ijustwantajobasamanager.Haveyoufilledthepositionyet?
HR:
No,wehaven't.Ihavealreadyinterviewedseveralpeopleandwillinterviewafewmorethisweek.Whenwemakeourdecision,wewillletyouknow.
时间
时态
标志词
过去的过去
Haddone
by+过去时间,过去动作
before+过去动作
过去
Did
具体过去时间点yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in2000
过去的过去延续到过去
Hadbeendoing
by+过去时间,过去动作
before+过去动作
过去做的动作已经完成,但对现在产生影响
Havedone
1.already,yet,recently,lately,asyet(否定句)系列
2.often,sometimes,rarely,always频度副词系列
3.now,just,thismorning,thisyear表示包括现在在内的时间状语系列
过去做的动作到现在仍未完成
Havebeendoing
1)since,for
2)until,till,uptonow,uptothepresent,sofar,thusfar,in/forthepast/lastfewyears
现在
Do
1)主将从现
2)真理
将来的7种表达方式和区别
1.Willdo
2.Begoingtodo
3.do/does
4.betodo
5.bedoing
6.Beaboutto
7.Willbedoing
1.一般将来,无计划,随机。
2.有计划,非随机。
或者有迹象表明。
3.时间表。
(begin,leave,start,arrive,return)
4.正式计划。
“定于”
5.位移动词(come,arrive,leave,return,meet,
start...)。
6.马上要发生。
(美式英语)
7.将来一段时间内。
将来某个时间点
Willhavedone
by/before+将来时间/动作
站在过去说将来
Woulddo
宾语从句
Itistimewegotdowntowritingourpaper/thesis.
IwishIwere25andcoulddowhateverIwanttodo.
Iwaswonderingifyoucouldcomeovertospendtheweekendtogether.
2.3.4
2)Youarealwayscomplaining.
3)她老爱吹嘘她家孩子怎么怎么地。
4)Ihavewaitedfor2hours.
5)Ihavebeenwaitingfor2hours.
2.3.5Sb.wasdoingAwhenBhappened.做A过程中突发B
我刚要离家时电话响了。
他刚要关机时msn好友朝他微笑了.
Theplanewastakingoffwhentheaccidenthappened.
再加一句:
就在我们纠结是否要在湖里游泳时,突然下暴雨了。
Wewerehesitatingwhethertoswiminthelakeornotwhenthestormstarted.
Whenthestormstarted,wewerehesitatingwhethertoswiminthelakeornot.
2.3.6现在完成时用于时间或条件状语从句,表示将来某时以前业已完成的动作。
1.Theywillsetoutat6ifithasstoppedrainingbythen.如果6点时雨停了,他们就出发。
2.书读完以后我会把它归还给图书馆的。
IwillreturnthebooktothelibrarywhenIhavefinishedreadingit.
2.3.7IwenttoJapanlastyear.ItwasthefirsttimeIhadtravelledonacruiseship.
2.3.8Hope,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose,want用于过去完成时,表示未曾实现的希望和打算。
Ihadintendedtocomeovertoseeyoulastnight,butsomeonecalledandIcouldn'tgetaway.
我本打算昨晚来看你的,但是有人打电话过来我走不开。
她们本想帮忙准备晚饭,但是因为堵车,没能及时赶到母亲家。
Theyhadintended/wantedtohelppreparedinner,buttheydidn'tarriveattheirmom'shomeintimebecauseofthegridlock.
2.3.9在nosooner...than,hardly/scarcely/barely...when句型中,用到过去完成时。
Hehadnosoonerlefthomethantwomenbrokeintohishouse.改为倒装
Nosoonerhadhelefthomethantwomenbrokeintohishouse.他前脚离开家,后脚就有两个人破门而入。
保姆刚把婴儿放到摇篮里(cradle),婴儿就开始大哭。
(hardly,倒装)
Hardlyhadthenannyputthebabyinthecradlewhenthebabystartedcryingloudly.
2.3.11在“Howlong...?
”疑问句中,一般用到现在完成进行时
你跟她约会多久啦?
Howlonghaveyoubeendatingwithher?
/Howlonghaveyoubeengoingout?
sit,lie,wait等动词,一般更多使用现在完成进行时
Ihavebeensittinginthecafeallafternoon.
你在床上躺了一天了,你不感觉头晕吗?
Youhavebeenlyinginbedwholeday,don'tyoufeeldizzy?
你考虑(ponder)这个问题已经有多久了?
该是你做决定的时候了。
Howlonghaveyoubeenponderingthisproblem?
Itistimeyoumadeadecision.
PS体会这句中现在完成进行时的用法:
Myhandsaredirty.Ihavebeenpaintingallday.
--哦,家里真乱啊!
--是啊,我一天都在试图找出我的结婚戒指。
它不见了。
Wow,whatamess!
Yeah,Ihavebeentryingtofindmyweddingringforawholeday.It'sgone.
2.3.12将来完成时是考试常考内容,通常与by,before,when等词连用
BythetimeyougettoShanghaitomorrow,IwillhaveleftforChengdu.Iamafraidwecan'tcelebrateouranniversarytogether.
当Clayton教授后年退休时,他将在这个大学从教40年了。
BythetimeProfessorClaytonretirestheyearafternext,hewillhaveworked/taughtintheuniversityfor40years.
同时,对一个可能已经完成的动作的推测,也会用到将来完成时。
一般用于第二三人称。
Itisfiveo'clock,theywillhavefinishedtheirmeetingbynow.Youknow,themeetingstartedat7am.五点了,他们该开完会了。
要知道,会议早上七点就开始了。
2.3.15Itis+一段时间+since+从句(亦可用现在完成时ithasbeen+一段时间+since+从句,但考试更常见前者)
ItistenyearssinceImovedtoShanghai.
好久不见。
最近在干嘛?
ItisalongtimesinceImetyoulasttime.Whathaveyoubeendoingrecently?
我上次去电影院都是10年前的事儿了。
ItistenyearssinceIwenttothemovietheatrelasttime.
2.3.16
1.hadbeenwaiting
2.turnedup
3.explained
4.hadbeenheldup
5.didn'tfind
6.hadbeenblowing
7.(had)called
8.waslying
9.hadbeendriving
10.(had)appeared
11.(had)braked
12.(had)skidded
13.(had)managed
14.wasfilledup
15.waswearing
16.hadtied
17.waspulling
18.opened
19.jumped
20.hadswum
Exercise1:
Checkthesentenceorclausethatbestcompletetheidea:
1.Ican'tsleep.Thepeopleinthenextapartment...
___havemadealotofnoise.___havebeenmakingalotofnoise.
2.He'sbeensickallweek.
___He'sstayedinbed.___He'sbeenstayinginbed.
3.Sheisunhappy.
___Shehasjustlostherjob.___Shehasbeenlosingherjob.
4.Shelostherjob3weeksago.Shehasn'thadmuchfreetimerecentlybecause...
___Shehaslookedforanewjob.___Shehasbeenlookingforanewjob.
5.Mywritinghasbeenimprovingalotbecause...
___Ihavewrittenacomposition._____Ihavebeenwritingcompositions.
6.Atfirstsheplannedtomove,butnowshedoesn'twantto.
___Shehaschangedhermind.____Shehasbeenchanginghermind.
7.NowIcanpayformycarbecauseI...
___havereceivedacheckfrommyinsurancecompany.
___havebeenreceivingacheckfrommyinsurancecompany.
8.EveryweekIput20%ofmysalaryinthebank.IplantobuyahouseassoonasIcan.
___Ihavesavedmymoney.___Ihavebeensavingmymoney.
9.Iamgoingtobecomeanengineer.
___Ihavemademydecision.___Ihavebeenmakingmydecision.
Exercise2:
correctthemistakesinthefollowingsentencesifthereisany:
∙1.Correct:
Ithasbeenrainingfortwodays.
∙2.Correct:
Thebabyhasbeensleepingforthreehoursnow.
∙3.Correct:
Isawhimyesterday.
∙4.Correct:
HereturnedfromLondonlastweek.
∙5.Correct:
Seethatyoudonotdoanydamage.
Itiswrongtousethefuturetenseinthesubordinateclausewhentheverbinthemainclauseisintheimperativemood.
∙6.Correct:
Iwillcallyouwhenthedinnerisready.
∙7.Correct:
Hewillhelpifyouaskhim.
∙8.Correct:
Iwent/havebeentoNewYorkrecently.
∙9.Correct:
Iwrotetohimlastweek.
∙10.Correct:
Wewenttothepictureslastnight.
∙11.Correct:
Hesaidthathehadbeensufferingfromfeverforthreedays.
∙12.Correct:
Themancomplainedthathiswatchhadbeenstolen.
∙13.Correct:
Thedoctorconcludedthatthemanhaddiedtwelvehoursago.
Afterif,unlessandwordswithsimilarmeanings,weoftenusepastverbformstotalkaboutthepresentorfuture.
∙14.Correct.
∙15.correct.
∙16.correct
Afterit’stime,wouldratherandwish
Pastverbformscanbeusedwithapresentorfuturemeaningaftertheseexpressions.
∙17.correct
∙18.correct
Inquestionsandrequests
Wecanmakequestions,requestsandofferssoundmorepolitebyusingpasttenses.CommonexpressionsareIwondered,Ithought,Ihopedetc.Pastprogres