法律英语期末复习题汇总.docx

法律英语期末复习题汇总.docx

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法律英语期末复习题汇总

法律英语期末复习资料

一、定义

1、LegalEnglish:

isthetypeofEnglishasusedinlegalwriting.Ithasbeenreferredtoasa“languageforspecialpurposes”,aslegalEnglishdiffersfromordinarylanguageinvocabulary,morphology,syntax,andsemantics,aswellasotherlinguistic.

2、Legalassistant:

anothertermforparalegal.

3、Legaltechnician:

atermusedtodescribeanonattorneywhoisauthorizedtoengageinalimitedpracticeoflaw.

4、Precedent:

theexamplesetbythedecisionofanearliercourtforsimilarcasesorsimilarlegalquestionsthatariseinlatercases.

5、Staredecisis:

”itstandsdecided”;anothertermsforprecedent.

6、Bar-examination:

anexaminationadministeredbyastatethattestsanindividual’sknowledgeofthelawandisaprerequisitetobeingallowedtopracticelaw.

7、Federalism:

asystemofgovernmentinwhichthepeopleareregulatedbybothfederalandstategovernments.

8、Exclusivejurisdiction:

whenthepowertoregulateanareabelongssolelyorexclusivelytoeitherthefederalorstategovernment,wesaythatthegovernmenthasexclusivejurisdiction.

9、Concurrentjurisdiction:

whenboththefederalandstategovernmentshavetherighttoregulatedanarea,thosegovernmentshaveconcurrentjurisdiction:

eg.incometax;crime.

10、Supremacyclause:

theclauseintheU.S.ConstitutionmakingtheConstitutionandthelawsoftheUnitedStatesthesupremelawoftheland.

11、Jurisdiction:

thepowerorauthoritytoactincertainsituation;thepowerofacourttohearcasesandrenderjudgments.

12、Originaljurisdiction:

thepoweroffirsthearacase;courtoforiginaljurisdictioniswheretrialtakesplace.

13、Trial:

theopen-courtprocesswhereallpartiespresentevidence,questionwitnesses,andgenerallyputtheircasebeforethecourt.

14、Appellatejurisdiction:

thepowerofacourttoreviewwhathappenedinalowercourt.

15、Bicameral（+NO.16）:

atermthatdescribesalegislatureconsistingoftwohouses.

16、Separationofpowers:

theconstitutionaldoctrinethateachofthethreebranchesofgovernmenthasseparateanddistinctpowers.

17、Judicialreview:

thepowerofthecourtstoreviewstatutorylawtodetermineofthelawisconstitutional.（ppt：

thispowergivesthecourtstherighttoreviewlegislativeenactmentsandtodetermineifanylawisinconsistentwiththeconstitutionisunenforceable）

18、Freedomofspeech:

byallowingcitizenstospeakoutfreelyaboutimportantissuesandpoliticalleaders,thisrightplaysavitalroleinshapingU.S.

19、Interstatecommerce:

transactionsthattakeplacebetweentwoormorestatesthathaveaneconomicimpact.

20、Rationalbasistest:

atestusedbythecourtswhenexaminingtheconstitutionalityofalaw;requiresthatthelawhaveareasonableconnectiontoalegitimatestatepurpose.（ppt：

anylawinterferingwiththeserightsmustbereasonablyrelatedtolegitimatestateinterest.）

21、Freeexerciseclause:

theclauseinthefirstamendmentthatprohibitsgovernmentfromenactinganylawthatinterfereswithanyperson’srighttofreelypracticeareligion.

22、Establishmentclause:

theclauseinthefirstamendmentthatprohibitsgovernmentfromenactinganylawthatresultsintheestablishmentofareligion.

23、Checksandbalances:

theconstitutionaldoctrinethateachofthethreebranchesofgovernmentoperatesasacheckonthepoweroftheotherbranches.

24、Substantivedueprocess:

arequirementoftheFifthandFourteenthAmendmentsthatgovernmentsnotenactlawsthatdepriveapersonoflife,liberty,orpropertyunlessthelawsservealegitimatepurposeandareeitherrelatedtoornecessarytoachievingthatpurpose.

25、Proceduraldueprocess:

arequirementoftheFifthandFourteenthAmendmentsthat,unlessspecialcircumstancesexist,governmentnotdepriveapersonoflife,liberty,orpropertywithoutnoticeandtheopportunityforafairhearing.

26、Billofrights:

alistofcitizenbasicrights.thefirsttenamendmentstotheconstitution.

27、Sourcesoflaw:

placeswhenlawsarefound.

28、Constitution:

adocumentwhoseprimarypurposeistoestablishagovernmentanddefineitspowers.

29、Commonlaw:

abodyoflawdevelopedthroughthecourts.

30、Bill:

proposedlegislation.（ppt：

inourfederalsystem,justasinanystatesystem,proposedlegislationcanbedraftedbyamemberofCongressorbyanyinterestedindividualorgroup.whendrafted,theproposalisknownasabill.）

二、简答、论述

1、法律英语的类型（适用的场合）

（a）academiclegalwritingasinlawjournals

（b）juridicallegalwritingasincourtjudgments,and

（c）legislativelegalwritingasinlaws,regulations,contracts,andtreaties.

Anothervarietyisthelanguageusedbylawyerstocommunicatewithclientsrequiringamore“reader-friendly”styleofwrittencommunicationthanthatusedwithlawprofessionals.

Including:

legaldocuments:

contracts/licenses,etc.;courtpleadings:

summonses/briefs/judgments,etc.;

Laws:

ActsofParliamentandsubordinatelegislation/casereports;legalcorrespondence;

2、法律英语特点

1useoftermsofart

2Thesetermsofartincludeordinarywordsusedwithspecialmeanings

3useofdoubletsandtriplets

4unusualwordorder

5useofpronominaladverbs

6useofphrasalverbs

3、Commonlaw的三种定义

A.Commonlawasopposedtostatutorylawandregulatorylaw（成文法）

B.Commonlawlegalsystemsasopposedtocivillawlegalsystem

C.Lawasopposedtoequity（衡平法）

4、Commonlaw特点

1.Commonlawisgenerallyuncodified.thatthejudicialdecisionshavealreadybeenmadeinsimilarcases.

2.Itislargelybasedonprecedents.

3.Itisdeterminedbythepresidingjudge.

4.Itisanadversarialsystem.

5.Ajuryofordinarypeoplewithoutlegaltrainingdecidesonthefactsofthecase.

Thejudgethendeterminestheappropriatesentencebasedonthejury'sverdict.

5、如何成为律师

1、bachelordegreeofothersubject（4years）

2、masteroflaw（3years）

3、passtheBARexam

6、律师的职业范围

Thecareerasanattorney

1.Canworkinprivatelyownedlawfirm（differentforms）.

2.Canworksforlocal,stateorfederalgovernment.

3.Canworkinlegaldepartmentsofcorporationorinsurance.

7、律师必备的基本技能

1、Oralandwrittencommunicationskills

2、Researchskills

3、Criticalthinkingandanalyticalskills

4、Organizationalskills

5、Generalofficeandcomputerskills

6、Paralegalsmusthaveabasicknowledgeofthelegalsystem,substantive7、law,andlegalprocedures.

8、EthicalResponsibilitiesofParalegals道德责任的律师助理（禁区）

Paralegalscannotengageintheunauthorizedpracticeoflaw.Theycannotappearincourtorgivelegaladvice.However,underthesupervisionofanattorney,theycanperformmanytasksoftendonebylawyers,suchasinterviewingclients,draftinglegaldocuments,anddoinglegalresearch.

律师助理不能从事XX的法律实践。

他们不能出庭或提供法律建议。

然而，在律师的监督下，他们可以完成许多由律师完成的任务，比如面试客户、起草法律文件和进行法律研究。

9.律师助理职业与独立律师助理的区别

（1）TheParalegalProfession：

meansanindividualwhosetrainingandeducationenableshimorhertoassistlawyersbyperformingcertainlegaltasksthattraditionallyhavebeendonebylawyers.

（2）IndependenceParalegals：

theypreferthebenefitsofself-employment.Insomeinstancestheyworkasindependentcontractors,offeringtheirservicestodifferentattorneysforspecificlegalprojects.

Theothertypewhooffertheirservicesdirectlytothepublicpresentsseriousethicalandlegalquestions.

10、如何任命法官

SupremeCourtjusticesareappointed（orgiventheirpositionsbypeoplewhoworkinpolitics）.Firsttheyarenominated,whichiswhenthepresidentselectsorpicksthemandsaysthatthisisthepersonwhoshouldgetthejob.ThentheyarerejectedoracceptedbytheU.S.Senate.Justicesarenotrejectedveryoften.TheleaderoftheseninejusticesiscalledtheChiefJustice;theothereightarecalledAssociateJustices.

Whenjusticesareconfirmed（orapproved）,thentheyareappointedforlife.Becausethejusticesserve（orworkinthispublicjob）forlife,theSupremeCourthasaverylowturnoverrate.theSupremeCourthasalotofcontinuity（orconsistencyovertime）

TheChiefJusticehasallthesameresponsibilitiesastheAssociateJusticesforhearingcases（orlisteningtolawsuitsandstatingalegalopinion）.However,theChiefJusticealsohasmanyotherresponsibilities.

WhentheninejusticesoftheSupremeCourtdiscuss（ortalkabout）cases,theChiefJusticemustleadthediscussion.TheChiefJusticespeaksfirst,andthisgiveshimorherthepowertoinfluence（oraffect）thediscussion.TheChiefJusticealsomakestheagenda（orplanforwhatwillbediscussed）foreachweeklymeetingwherethejusticesdecidewhichcasestheyaregoingtohear.

WhentheU.S.presidentisinaugurated（orfirstbeginsworkingasthepresident）,theChiefJusticestatestheoath（orpromisesthataremadebeforeenteringapublicoffice）thatthenewpresidentmustrepeat.TheChiefJusticealsomustpresideover（orlead）impeachmenttrialsfortheU.S.president.

11、legalcommunity

Thelegalcommunityincludesseveralgroups.Thefirstgroup,itincludesindividualswhoworkforthelawoffice.Onepartofthemistheattorney,theycanworkinprivatelyownedlawfirm,theycanworksforlocal,stateorfederalgovernment,andtheycanworkinlegaldepartmentsofcorporationorinsurance.Onepartofthemistheparalegal.Paralegals,orlegalassistants,whoworkinlawofficesassistattorneysinperforminglegaltaskssuchasdraftingdocuments,doinglegalresearch,andinterviewingclients.Otherparalegalsworkindependently,eitherforattorneysorsometimesformembersofthepublic.Anotherpartofthemarelegalsecretaries,lawclerks,caseassistants,caseclerks,anddocumentcoders.Alloftheseindividualsinlawofficeformateamfortherenderingoflegalservices.

Thesecondgroup,itincludesindividualswhoworkfor