心理Module 12 Personality.docx

心理Module 12 Personality.docx

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心理Module12Personality

Module12Personality

12.1Contemporaryapproachestopersonality

“Personality”–acharacteristicspatternofthinking,feeling,andbehavingthatisuniquetoeachindividual,andremainsrelativelyconsistentovertimeansituations

Personalitymeasurements

1.“idiographicapproach”–focusingoncreatedetaileddescriptionsofaspecificperson’suniquepersonalitycharacteristics

-Figuremyselfout

-Itishelpfulforunderstandingyoursocialworlds,andcanbeappliedtothefullrangeofhumanexperience

2.“nomotheticapproach”–examinepersonalityinlargegroupofpeople,withtheaimofmakinggeneralizationofaboutpersonalitystructure

-Tounderstandthefactorsthatpredictcertainbehavioursacrosspeopleingeneral

-TheKEYistoidentifytheimportantpersonalitytraitsthatarerelatedtowhateveritisthatyouareinterestedinunderstanding

Thetraitperspective

∙“Personalitytrait”–describesaperson’shabitualpatternsofthinking,feeling,andbehaving

-Howthatpersonismostofthetime）

-Thefirstsystematicattempttoidentifyallpossibletraitswasmadeinthe1930sbyAllport

∙“theBarnumeffect”–peopleareeasytobeconvincedthatapersonalityprofiledescribethemwell,whiletheprofileisgenerallyfalseandnotdescribethematall

-Thisisthereasonwhypersonalitytestsofquestionablevalidityaresowidelybelieved,aswellashoroscopes,astrologers,andpsychics

-实验:

每个人都拿到一模一样的描述，而他们都觉得说的就是他们自己

∙“factoranalysis”–isusedtogroupitemsthatpeoplerespondtosimilarity

-比如friendly,warm,andkindcanbegrouptogether

TheFiveFactorModel（BigFive）

Itisatrait-basedtheoryofpersonalitybasedonthefindingthatpersonalitycanbedescribedusingfivemajordimension

1.“Openness”开放型

a.高分表现:

Dreamers,creative,opentonewthings,newwaysofseeingthings,opentonewexperience,curious,consideredunconventional,thinkmoreabstractly,moresensitivetoemotions

b.低分表现:

Defenders,conventional,avoidunknownandfindsecurityfromtheknown,prefertangible,beingpractical,straightforward,dislikecomplexity,resistanttochange

2.“Conscientiousness”责任型

a.高分表现:

Organizers,efficient,self-disciplined,dependable,comfortablewithschedulesandlists,greatemployeesandstudents,livelongerduetopositivehealthbehaviours

b.低分表现:

Easy-goingones,funtohangoutwith,poorcollaborators,disorganized,carelesswithdetails,difficulttomeetdeadline,be-in-the-moment,notthatstressaboutdetails

3.“Extraversion”外向型

a.高分表现:

Socializers,sensationseekers,lovestimulatingenvironments,lovecompany,outgoingandenergetic,assertive,talkative,enthusiastic,preferhighlevelofstimulationandexcitement,takethingstoofar,havehigherriskofdangerous

b.低分表现:

Quiet,solitary,rechargingtheirbatteries,overwhelmedbyhighlevelsofstimulation,morecautionandreserved,someonewhocanreallytotalkto

4.“Agreeableness”服从型

a.高分表现:

Warmandfriendly,easytobefriendwith,compassionate,empathetic,helpfulandaltruistic,willingtoputtheironinterestasideinordertopleaseothersoravoidconflicts,hardtochoose,greatteammembers,poorleadershipskills

b.低分表现:

Uncooperative,unkind,outthemselvesfirst,beingauthenticmorethanpanderingtootherpeople’sneeds,engageinconflictifnecessary,skepticalofother’smotives,lesstrustingofhumannature,self-interested

5.“Neuroticism”神经质型

a.高分表现:

Neurotics,difficulttodealwith,emotionalvolatility,havenegativeemotions,sensitive,strongreactiontostressfulsituations,magnifysmallfrustrationintomajorproblems,andpersist,mostvulnerabletoanxietyanddepressivedisorders

b.低分表现:

Mentallyhealthy,secureandconfident,highlyresilienttostress,excellentatmanagingemotions,regardasstable

Personalityofevil

∙“Authoritarianpersonality”–独裁/权利主义

-Theorizedtoberigidanddogmaticintheirthinking,separatesocialworldintoUSandTHEM,believestronglyinthesuperiorityinUSandtheinferiorityinTHEM

-LikelytoendorseprejudiceandviolencetowardsTHEM

-于二战后提出

Thereare3linesofresearchthatdiscoverpersonalitybeyondthebigfive

1.“HEXACOmodelofpersonality”–asixfactortheory,在bigfive基础上新增加了一个additionalfactor,就是“honesty-humility”诚信/人性

a.高分表现:

Sincere,honest,faithful,modest,performaltruisticandprosocialbehaviours

b.低分表现:

Deceitful,greedy,pompous,selfish,antisocial,violenttendency,materialistic,manipulateothers,breaktherules,unfaithfultorelationship,strongsenseofself-importance

2.“TheDarkTriad”黑暗面–包含三个traits

I.“Machiavellianism”权术主义

（Tousepeopleandtobemanipulativeanddeceitful,lackrespect,focuspredominantlyintheirself-interest）

Becomeaggressivewhenitservestheirgoals

II.“Psychopathy”精神病

（Havingshallowemotionalresponse,feellittleempathy,harmingotherswithlittleremorsefortheiractions）

Becomeaggressivewhentheyfeelphysicallythreatened

III.“Narcissism”自恋

（Egotisticalpreoccupationwithself-imageandexcessivefocusonself-importance,likefullofhimself）

Becomeaggressivewhentheyfeelself-esteemisthreatened

3.“Right-wingAuthoritarianism”右翼独裁主义

-Asahighlyproblematicsetofpersonalitycharacteristicsthatinvolvethreekeytendencies

a.Obeyingordersanddeferringtotheestablishedauthoritiesinasociety绝对服从已建立政府的法规

b.Supportingaggressionagainstthosewhodissentordifferfromtheestablishedsocialorder支持对于不同于建立的法规的思想或行动的暴力制裁

c.Believingstronglyinmaintainingtheexistingsocialorder强烈地维持已建立的一切任何规定

-CENTER:

thinkingindogmaticterms非黑即白,没有过度地带

-Thinkingwithcompletecertainty

-Processinfoinhighlybiasedways,ignoringorrejectingevidencethatcontradicttheirviews

-Unquestioningacceptanceofauthorityfigures

-HelpingtomaintainrepressivedictatorshipsinHitler’stime

-“Globalchangegame实验”一群RWA高的人一下子就ruintheworld

Personalitytraitsoverthelifespan

∙Ourpersonalitystartevenbeforeweareborn

-Infantpossessdifferenttemperamentrightfrombirth,suggestingthattheseedsofourpersonalitiesarepresentrightfrombirth

-Infanttemperamentpredicttheadultpersonalityofneuroticism,extraversion,andconscientiousness

三岁看到老实验:

longitudinalstudy测试三岁小孩的不同脾性是否能预测长大的性格

∙Neuronsthatfiretogetherwiretogether

-Personalityconditionshowyoufeel,perceive,interpret,andbehave,thissetImotionprocessesthatfeedbacktoreinforcetheoriginalpersonalitytrait,likeapositivefeedbacksystem

∙Youngadultstendtoexperiencefewernegativeemotionsthandoadolescence,reflectingdecreaseinneuroticism.

Alsoconscientiousness,agreeableness,andextraversionallincreaseinearlyadulthood

∙Thereisconsiderablestabilityinourpersonality

-Overtime,ourenvironmentschangesaswellastherolesweplayinthoseenvironments

-Althoughindividualsmaychangeovertime,theirpersonalcharacteristicsrelativetootherpeopleremainremarkablystable

Personalitytraitsandstate

People’sbehaviourisalsodeterminedbysituationalfactorsandcontext

∙“State”–isatemporaryphysicalorpsychologicalengagementthatinfluencebehaviours

∙四种情况

1.Location

2.Associations独自一人或者与别人在一起

3.Activities

4.Subjectivestates生气，高兴，或者生病

Behaviouristperspective

∙Thereisnoexistenceofinternalizedtraits

-Therelationshipbetweenspecificenvironmentalstimuliandtheobservedpatternofbehaviourisimportant,behaviourisbasedonpastexperiences

-Personalityisadescriptionoftheresponsetendenciesthatoccurindifferentsituations

∙Thedimensionof“extraversion”isunnecessary

-Emphasizetheimportanceofstimulus-responseassociationsthatarelearnedthroughexposuretospecificsituations,ratherthanemphasizinginternalized,relativelystablepersonalitytraits

∙TheAGREEMENTbetweenbehaviouristandotherapproachesistheemphasisonhowlearningcontributestopersonality

Social-Cognitivetheoryperspective（ByAlbertBandura）

Itemphasizetheroleofbeliefsandthereciprocalrelationshipsbetweenpeopleandtheirenvironment

∙Environmentalstimulidonotautomaticallytriggerspecificbehaviour,insteadinformindividual’sbeliefabouttheworld,inparticular,theirbeliefsaboutthatconsequencesarelikelytofollowfromcertainbehaviours

∙CENTRALIDEA:

“reciprocaldeterminism”

-Behaviour,internalfactors,externalfactorsinteracttodetermineoneanother,andthatourpersonalitiesarebasedoninteractionsamongthesethreeaspects

∙Sopersonalityisnotsomethinginsidetheperson,butratherexistbetweenthepersonandtheenvironment

∙People’spersonalitiesandtheirenvironmentareinterdependentinmanydifferentways,linkedtogetherinfeedbackloopsthatconnecttheirperceptions,cognitions,emotions,behaviours

-thewaystheystructuretheirenvironment,thewaysthattheirenvironmentsstructurethem

12.2Culturalandbiologicalapproachestopersonality

Universalsanddifferencesacrosscultures

∙Despitethedifferencesthatmayexistbetweencultures,thepeopleinthoseculturessharethesamebasicpersonalitystructures

∙Althoughindividualpersonalitiesdifferenormously,thebasicmachineryofthehumanpersonalitysystemisuniversal

∙在中国的研究:

researchersfound4traits:

-Dependability可靠型,socialpotency社会效能型,individualism个人主义型,interpersonalrelatedness人际关系型

∙Atthispoint,mostpsychologistswouldagreethefivefactormodelcapturesimportantandperhapsuniversaldimensionsofpersonality

-Butalsomightmissimportantcultural-specificqualitiesthancanonlybeunderstoodbyanalyzingpersonalityfromthatculture’sperspective

Comparingbetweennations

∙Manyofthefi