CS第2章准备演讲稿.docx

CS第2章准备演讲稿.docx

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CS第2章准备演讲稿

ChapterTwo

BeforeVoulectureortalktous，

pleasereadthis

Craftsmanshipinspeakingatmeetings

Mostscientistsattendconferencesandlistentotalksbyotherscientists．Occasionally，aspeakersoenthralslistenersthattheyenjoyhearingabouttheworkandtheylistenintently．Ontheotherhand，aspeakermaybesodull，ill-preparedorinaudiblethatlistenersfailtofollowwhatissaid．

Betweensuchspeakersareothers，mostofwhomcoulddeliverabettertalkiftheywerehelped．Somespeakersmaynotrealizethattheycouldimprovetheirperformance．Manyconferenceattendershavetoldmethattheyhavesufferedwhilestrivingtolistentosuchspeakers．BecauseIhavesufferedtoo，Ihavebeeninspiredtowritethischapter．Booksonlecturingexist，butscientistsaretoobusytoreadthem．Perhapstheycanfindtimetolookatthischapteroratleasttoreadaboutemptywordsandvisualaids．

Directstyle

PartofwhatIhavewrittenisintheimperative．Thisisbecausetheimperativeallowsthemostvigorousandmostreadablestyle．IwriteasthoughIamspeakingtoyoubecauseonedayImaybelisteningtoyou.

Badmanners

Ifascientistgivesatalkwithouttakingcaretomakeiteasilyunderstandable，thatisbadmanners．SometimesIthinkthatapersonotherthantheheadoftheUnitshouldbegivingthetalk．

TheideaexpressedinthefirstsentencesinthischapterissoimportantthatIshallrepeatitbutinadifferentform．Moreover，youmaymeettheideayetagainelsewhere．Highyoumaybeonthestatusladder，but，ifweimpatientlistenersonlowerrungscannotunderstandyou，weshallnotesteemyouandyourcommunicationwillbewasted．Ontheotherhand，ifyouenlightenus，yourstaturewillincrease．

Titleofyourtalk

Lookatlistsoftalks；sometitlestelluswhatatalkwillbeabout,somedonot．Ensurethatyoursdoes．Tryitoncolleagues．Avoidstandingupatthestartofyourtalktotellusthatthetitlegivenintheprogrammeisinappropriate．

Howtobegin

Listenersmaynothearthefirstsentenceofatalk；theyare‘tuningin’．Sodonotstartwithcrucialinformation．Ifyouhavetosay'it，sanhonourtobeinvited．．．’，letthatbeyouropening，butlimitittoonesentence．Ifyoudonotneedthatopening，looktothebackoftheroomandask‘Canyouhearme?

’Ihavedonethat；itworks．

Nowbegin．

Whattotalkabout

Pleasetellus

1，whyyoudidthiswork；

2，howyoudidit；

3，whatyoufound；

4，whatyouthinkitmeans．

Thankyouraudience（<6words）；thenstop．

Ascientifictalkshouldnottaketheformofawrittenpaper．Youaretellingusofyourrecentdiscovery，sothefirstthreepartsmrakeupthenecessarypreludetoyourmainMessageinpart4．Inawrittenpaper，ascientistmustsodescribethemethodthatanothercanrepeattheexperiments．Inashorttalk，wemustassumethatyourmethodwassuitable；adescriptionoftheprincipleofthemethodshouldsuffice．Anybodywhowishestopursueyourexperimentscanspeaktoyouatterwards．

Part3shouldtakemostofyourallottedtime．Youhavetotellusenoughresultstosupportyourconclusion，butyoumustsimplifythem．Theresultsmustnotbeclutteredwithstatisticaldetails．Justtellustheaverages（forexamplefromyourexperimentswithandwithouttreatments）andtheirstatisticalsignificance;wehavetotrustthatyourcalculationsarecorrect.Agraphismoreeasilyunderstoodthanisanybutthesimplesttable;themoreresultsyouhavethemorecomplicatedisthetabler,butthebetterthegraph.

NowtellusyourConclusion（part4）.Thisiswhatwehavecometohear.Soyoumustdoallyoucantoconveythispartclearly.Lettherebenodistraction:

turnofftheprojector;donotrustleyournotes.

Verbaldelivery

Letusconsiderhowyoucanmakeyourselfheardandunderstood.

AgoodspeakerIooksattheaudience,notatthefurniture，butdoesnotstareatanyoneperson．Holdupyourheadandspeaktopeopleatthebackoftheroom．Thenthoseatthefrontshouldheartoo．

Donotreadyour‘talk’．Ifyouread，youmayspeaktoofastorinamonotone；youwilllookdown，compressyourlungsandperhapsbecomeinaudible．Speakingtoyourstomachwilldoitnogood．Ifyouhavetoreadapassage，holdthebookorpaperhigh．

Notesasprompter

SeeP．2,note3about‘reservoirs’．Fromsuchreservoirs，preparenotes；iftheyhelp．usethem．Thereisnothingshamefulaboutthat．Notesarebetterwrittenasheadingsthanassentences:

thenyoucanrefertothemataglance．Letteringshouldbelarge，clearandwellspaced,inlowercase，notcapitals，sothatyoucanreadthemwithoutalecternlamp．Thelampdistractslistenersandcastsunflatteringlightonyourface．Makethenoteoncardstheareaofthispagesothatyoucancarrythemifyouwalktothewallboard．*Whenyouthinkthenotesareready，gothroughthemwitharedcrayonandruthlesslyslashoutnon．essentials．Numberthecards．My（paper）noteswereonceblowntothefloorbytheprojector’sfan．HowgladIwasthattheywerenumbered．NowIusecards．

Onthetopcard，writealistoritemstotakeintothelecturehall:

clock，maskfortheprojector，colouredmarkers，pen，books，exhibits．．．．

Ifyouhaveslides，apparatus，specimens，transparencmstoexhibit，signalthemwithnumbersonyournotes-incolour．Theaudiencewill

*Theblackboardisnowoftenwhiteorgreen．

notappreciateyour:

‘Ohyes；Ishouldhaveshownthisearlier’．Numbers

oftheremindersshouldtallywithnumberswrittenontheitems．’

Somespeakers，notknowingwhattodowiththeirhands，putthemintotheirpockets．Thisisinelegant．Noteshelp，byoccupyingyourhands．

Stagefright

Ifyouhavedeliveredmanytalksorlectures，pleaseskipthissection．

Ifyouareanovice，youmaywonderhowtoovercomenervousness．Mostpeoplearenervousbeforeorduringtheirfirstpublictalk．Withpractice，thenervousnesslessens．Oneman’skneesshookviolentlyashestoodontheplatformbutheconcealedtheshakebyholdingthetable．SeveraltalkslaterhefeItonlyatraceofnervousnessbefore,andnoneduring，histalks．Peopleneedpractice，andthesmallertheirfirstaudiencethebetter．Thisisjustoneofthereasonswhyeverylaboratoryorinstituteshouldhaveateaclubatwhicharesearchertellscolleagueswhatheorsheisdoing．Ifyourinstitutedoesnothaveaclub，perhapsyoucanfoundone．[1

（1）.]

Startingwithalargeaudiencecanbedevastating，asthefollowingincidentshows．Thetelevisionbroadcasthadbegun．Thenextspeakerwasawaitinghisturn．Suddenlyhesaid‘Oh，mycar!

’andranout．Theproducerassumedthemanhadrememberedparkinghiscarbadly．Hedidnotreturn．．．．

Oneprecautiontotakeagainststagefrightistoobservecontinualforesightagainstyournotesgoingastray．Youcould[notmanywould]makeacopytokeepinapocket．Theknowledgethatallisinorderhelpsyoutorelax．

Ifyouletitbeseenthatyouhavenotpreparedyourtalk，andyoufailtospeakcoherently，theaudiencewillnotlikeyou．However，iftheaudiencesensesthatyouhavetakentroublebuthavestagefright，theywillbesympathetic．Asensingofsuchsympathyencouragesaspeaker，andthenervousnessdiminishes．

Verbalstyle

We，yourlisteners，preferthatyou‘talk’tousratherthandeliveraformalspeech．Thiscallsforasimplestyle．Herearesuggestions．

Ingeneral，useshortsentences．Butiftheyareallshort，deliverywillbejerky．Apleasingsentenceusuallyhastwomainverbs,butanoccasionalveryshortsentencemaybeusedforemphasis.（Seethenextparagraph.）Ifaninterpreterispresent,rememberthatsimplesentencescanbetranslatedmoreeasilythancomplexones.

Pleasefinisheverysentence.

Importanceofdeliberatespeech

Speaksoslowlythatitseemsalmostabsurd.Therearegoodreasons.

Whenwestand,heartthrobbing,beforeanaudience,adrenalinespeedsusup，andwedonotrealizehowfastwespeak.DuringalectureIwasgivingaboutspeaking,IaskedtheaudiencetoobserveitspulserateTheaveragewas65beatspermin；minewas130.Thiswastakenasevidenceofmyspeed-up．Whentheexperimentwasrepeatedadozenlectureslater，myratewasonly75beatspermin.Ihadbecomeadaptedtolecturingandhadtogiveafalsevaluetomakemypoint．

Amaximalrateforspeechis100wordspermin．Soa10-mintalkshouldbekepttobelow1000words．

Rehearseyourtalktoacolleague，toataperecorder，ortoavideocamera．Useaclock．Remember，thepersonwhoexceedstheallottedtimeisathiefandisalsounwise，becauseastrictchairpersonmaycallahaltbeforetheConclusionhasbeenuttered．Askyourcritictotimeyouandtotellyouofyourdistractingmannerisms.

Ifyou’venotheardyourselfbefore,youmaybeshockedwhenyouheartheplayback，asmostofuswere．Doyouswallowtheendsofwords,asEnglish．speakingpeopleoftendo?

NotewhetheryouspeakinanexPLOsivemanner；thisisdisTURbing．

Utternoredundantwords

Ifyouaretospeakslowly，yethavemuchtosay，howcanyouresolvethedilemma?

Contributetoasolutionbyuttenngnecessarywordsonly；thatis，aimatahighsignal-to-noiseratio．Wastenowords’nsayingyouhavenottimetotelleverything．Suchnon-informationirritatestheaudience．

Omit:

ithastobepointedoutthat；asamatteroffact；itonlyremainstobesaidthat；thewholepointis．．．．Wehavenottravelledallthiswaytolistentosuch‘emptywords'.

Avoidtautology[repeating，butwithanotherword]:

pooledtogether；footpedal；circulardisk；timeclock；supplementedwithadditional-sarlt-：

stillremains；knotsperhour．Obvious?

Yes，butthesedoublesayingsdocreepin．Wheneveryouseetheofferofa‘freegift’，renewyourvownevertotautologize．

Andermanshipmakesussquirminourseats

Thisstrivingforeconomyalsomeansdonotstartsentenceswith‘Anderm’，th