理科写作Writing in Science full edition文档格式.docx

理科写作Writing in Science full edition文档格式.docx

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Analyseyouraudience.Thinkofyourpotentialreadersasintelligentnon-expertsonthetopic.Whatinformationdoyouthinktheyneedtoknow?

Identifythematerialsyouneedtocarryoutthetask-theory,factualinformation,statistics,casestudies,interviews,etc.

Organiseyourthoughtsbybrainstormingideas,andgroupingthem.Whichideasaremorerelevanttothetopicandwhichcanbecutout?

Whatlinksaretherebetweenideas?

See:

QuickRef25:

Brainstormingandmindmappingforassignments

Makearoughplanofthemainheadings

Gatherinformationforthetask

Startresearchingtheliteratureearlytogetanideaofthedimensionsofthetopic.

Reviewthematerialcoveredinlectures,workshopsandproblemsrelevanttothetask.

Collectanyotherinformationordatarequired.

Readthematerialyouhavecollectedandmakecarefulnotes.

Keeprecordsofliteraturereviewed.

Makechangestoyourplanasyoureadtheliterature.

Writingtheassignment

Makeanoutlinedraft

Listtheideasyouwilluseundertherelevantheading.

Makealistofallreferences.

Goovertheoutlineandmakesureyouhaveaddressedallpointsofthequestion.

Writeyourfirstdraft

Expandeachideaintoaparagraph.

Arrangetheparagraphsintoalogicalsequence.

Writesimplyandclearly,usingshortgrammaticalsentences.

Useyourownwordsasmuchaspossible（SeeAcknowledgingyoursources）.

Linktheparagraphs.

Redraftifnecessary.

Writeusingscientificstyle

Usecorrectscientifictermswhereverpossible.

Writeformalgenerictermsinitalics（egEucalyptusregnans）.Whenthenameofthegenushasbeenestablisheditispermissibletousetheabbreviatedformat（egE.regnans）.Informalnames（egeucalypts）arewritteninnormaltext.

Describeaccuratelyandprecisely.Usethepassivevoice（eg'

ThedataareplottedinTable1'

ratherthan'

IplottedthedatainTable1'

）.

Thoroughlyexplaintablesandfigures.Makesureyourefertoanyfigureortableusedinyourtext.Makesureyounumberandlabelallfiguresandtablesappropriately（eg'

Table1:

MolluscvarietiesfoundinNorthernQueensland'

;

'

Figure2:

DistributionofEucalyptusregnansinVictoria'

Useacronymscorrectly.Writethewordsinfullthefirsttimeandaddtheacronyminbracketseg.'

ElNinoandtheSouthernOscillation（ENSO）'

.Thereafter,simplyusetheacronym（egENSO）.

Referenceallmaterials,tablesandfiguresyouhaveusedappropriately.

Preparethefinaldraft

Re-read,andrewriteifnecessary.

Writetheintroductionandconclusionlast.

Leavethedraftatleast48hoursbeforefinalproof-reading.

Completethecoversheet.

Submittheassignmentontime.

Checkingyourwork

Thesearethelaststagesbeforeyousubmitthereport.Readwhatyouhavewritten–aloudifpossible.Ifanythingisuncleartoyouitwillbeuncleartothereader.

Content

Complete?

1.

Isthetitleclearandinformative?

2.

Isyourworkplacedincontext?

3.

Isthetopicorproblemstatedclearly?

4.

Isthetheoreticalframeworkoutlined?

5

Areanyresearchhypothesesstatedclearly?

Structure

1.

Doesthestructurefollowtherequirementsofthesubject?

Doestheintroductionoutlinetheimportanceoftheworkandprovidethenecessarybackgroundinformation?

3.

Doesthemethodsectionexplainwhatwasdoneandhowitwasdone?

Doestheresultsectionexplainwhatwasfound?

5.

Doesthediscussionsectioninterpretandexplaintheresults?

6.

Doestheconclusionsummarisethemethodandresults,discusstheimplicationsoftheresultsandsuggestimprovementsinfutureresearch?

7.

Doesthereferencelistincludeonlythereferencesyouhaveactuallyused?

Format

Istheformatappropriateforthedisciplineandthetask?

Aretheheadingsuniformandspacedconsistently?

Arethefigures,tablesanddiagramsclearlylabelledandappropriatelyplaced?

Haveyoureferredtoallthefigures,diagramsandgraphsyouhaveincluded?

5.

Haveyouacknowledgedthesourceofallfigures,diagramsandgraphsyouhaveobtainedfromotherwriters?

Style

Isthewritingclear,conciseandobjective?

Isthewritingfluent?

Arethestyleofsentencesandthevocabularyappropriatetothedisciplineandthetopic?

Haveyoucheckedthatyouhavenotusedemotivelanguagesuchas'

Thisisareallyexcitingresult.'

?

Haveyoudemonstratedyourunderstandingofthesourcesyouhaveused?

Haveyoumadesurethatyouhavenotusedcolloquiallanguagesuchas'

Wegottheseanswers.'

Grammar,spellingandpunctuation

Isthegrammarofallthesentencescorrect?

Arethetensesusedappropriately?

Areallthewordsspelledcorrectly?

Arepunctuationmarksusedcorrectly?

Learningfromfeedback

Lecturersandtutorsspendagooddealoftimemarkingyourassignmentsandcommentingonthem,butsomestudentsdonottakeadvantageofthisfeedback.Thewrittencommentsonyourworkwilloftengiveyouspecificadviceonhowtoimproveyourworkandyourmarks.

Whenyoureceivethemarkedassignment:

readthetutor'

scommentscarefully

thinkabouthowyoucanimproveyourwork

seekadvicefromyourtutorifnecessary!

Presentationandformatting

Whenpreparingyourreportoressayforsubmission,thinkaboutthepersonwhowillbemarkingit.Ifyouwantgoodmarks,ensurethatyourworklooksprofessionalandneat.Refertoyourunitguideforinstructionsonhowtopresentandformatyourdocument.Thefollowingsuggestionsareprovidedasaguide.

Presentation

Word-processyourreportoressay,ratherthanwritingitbyhand.

Usethespellcheckfunction.

Thinkaboutsentenceandparagraphconstruction.

Editforgrammar,spellingandpunctuationerrors.RefertoQuickRef20:

Editingandproofreadingyourwork

Useheadingsandsub-headingstomakeyourtextreader-friendly.Ensureheadingsrefertothecontentratherthanstageofthepaper.

Correctlyreferenceanymaterialyouusefromotherauthors（seeReferencing）.

Usedirectquotessparingly,ifatall,andreferencethemcorrectly（seeReferencing）.

SeekadvicefromyourtutororLanguageandLearningServiceswherenecessary.

Formattingyourdocument

Checkyourunitguideforspecificinstructions.Ifnospecificinstructionsonformattingaregiven,thefollowingguidelinesmaybehelpful.

Section

Description

Font

ThefontusedthroughoutshouldbeTimesNewRoman;

sizeandstylevaryaccordingtothesection.

Margins

Allfourpagemarginsshouldbe2.5cmwide.

Title

Thisshouldbein18-pointfont,bold,centred,intitlecase.

Authordetails

Thisshouldbein11-pointfontsize,bold,andcentred.Theauthordetailsshouldbegivenimmediatelybelowthetitle.Include,inthreeseparatelines,yourname,yourID,andthenameofyourtutor.

Maintext

Thisshouldbein12-pointfontsize,regular,justified,andsingle-spaced.Donotindentparagraphs,andleaveablanklinebetweenparagraphs

Sectiontitles

Themaintitlesshouldbein14pointfontsize,bold,upperandlowercase.Thetitlesshouldbenumbered1,2,3,....

Secondarytitlesshouldbein12pointfontsize,bold,andnumberedwithasecondnumber（eg1.1,1.2,1.3,...）.Leaveablanklinebeforeandaftereachtitle.

Tablesandfigures

Includetablesandfiguresinthebodyofthepaper,numberthem,andrefertothemasTable1,Figure2,etc.Allfiguresandtablesshouldhaveshortexplanatorycaptions（titles）.

Usingfigures,tablesandgraphs

Figures,tablesandgraphsareoftenusedinscientificreports.Theyarevaluablebecausetheycanbeusedtopresentcomplexresultsinareadableway,butitisimportantthattheyareusedcarefully.

Labellingandusingtablesanddiagrams

Tablesandgraphsshouldbe:

numberedsequentially

labelledclearlyand

positionedasclosetotherelevanttextaspossible.

Placementoftablesanddiagrams

Putgraphs,tables,figuresanddiagramsintheResultssectionandcomplexrawdataintheAppendix.

Refertofiguresandtables

Makespecificreferencetoeachfigureandtable.Donotassumethatthereaderwillmakethenecessaryconnectionbetweenthetextandthefigureortable.Writesomethingabouteachfigureandtable.

Refertoeachfigureortableinthetextbyitsfigureortablenumber.

Remembertoguidethereaderininterpretingtheinformationinthetableorfigure.Whatdoesthetableshow?

Whatspecificpointareyoumak