Chapter-Six-Composing-Essays.ppt

Chapter-Six-Composing-Essays.ppt

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ComposingEssays,FourParts,CriteriaofaGoodComposition,3.ThreeMainPartsofaComposition,2.StepsinWritingaComposition,4.TypesofWriting,CriteriaofaGoodComposition,Theideasshouldbeexpressedclearly,accurately,andappropriately.Thepieceshouldbewellorganized.Thepurposeshouldbeclearandthestyleandthelanguageshouldsuitthepurposeandaudience.,StepsinWritingaComposition,1.Planning.2.WritingtheFirstDraft.3.RevisingtheFirstDraft.4.MakingtheFinalCopy.,ThreeMainPartsofaComposition,Mostcompositionsaremadeupofabeginning,amiddle,andanend.Weusuallywriteoneparagrapheachforthebeginning（theintroduction）andtheend（theconclusion）butforthemiddle（thebody）,oftenmoreparagraphsareneeded.,TheBeginning,Thebeginningrousesthereadersinterestanddrawstheirattentiontothesubjectmatterofthepaperand/orprovidesnecessarybackgroundinformation.Thoughitisusuallyshort,itisoftenthemostdifficultpartforustowrite,becausewehavetodecidefromwhatpointtostart,andinwhichdirectiontogo.Thereareanumberofpossiblewaytobeginapaper,andfordifferenttypesofwriting,someapproachesareoftenbetterthanothers.Forexample,anarrativesuchas“NeighborsAreDearerthanDistantRelatives”maybegin,asweseeintheoriginal,with,TheBeginning,1.relevantbackgroundmaterial:

Myneighborsweregettingreadytomoveaway2.Butitisalsopossibletobeginthecompositionwithoneofthefollowing:

thetimeandplaceoftheeventtobedescribed:

3.Itwasonthemorning/evening/afternoonofthatIlearnedLiliandherfamilyweremoving.aquotation:

AsaChinesesayinggoes,“Neighborsaredearerthandistantrelatives.”,TheBeginning,4.aquestion:

Haveyoudoneanythingthatyouregreteverafter?

Forsuchanarration,itisevenpossibletobeginfromtheend:

ThesoundofthetrucktoldmethatLiliandherfamilywerereallyleaving,andregretfultearsstoledownmycheeksOrasAdlerandVanDorendoin“ToBeInformedandtoBeEnlightened”,beginninganessaywith5.astatement:

Gettingmoreinformationislearning,andsoiscomingtounderstandwhatyoudidnotunderstandbefore.,TheBeginning,6.figuresorstatistics:

Accordingtorecentstatistics,thepopulationoftheelderlyinChinahasreached7.adefinition:

An“aged”countryorregionisoneinwhich10percentofitspopulationare60yearsofageorolder,or7percentofitspopulationare65yearsoldorover.,TheMiddle,Themiddlepresentsclearlyandlogicallythewritersfactsandideas.Asthemiddleshouldbeanaturalandlogicalfollow-upofthebeginning,foreachofthebeginningslistedabovein2,3and4,thereshouldbeasomewhatdifferentbody.Thebodyofapaperoftenconsistsofseveralparagraphsarrangedinsomekindoforder.Theorderdependsonthenatureofthesubject,orthetypeofpapertobewritten.Forinstance,foranarrativepaper,onepossiblemethodistoarrangetheparagraphschronologically;butforanexpositorypaper,theparagraphsareoftenarrangedaccordingtotheimportanceoftheideastheyexpresssoastobringaboutaclimax.,TheEnd,Theendwindsupthepaperoftenwithanemphaticandforcefulstatementtoinfluencethereadersfinalimpressionandshowsthemthewriterspurpose.Theendofapaperisimportantbecauseitisoftenthepartthatmakesthedeepestimpressiononthereader.Theconcludingparagraphshouldbethought-provoking.Itismadeupmainlyofrestatementsorsummariesofthepointsdiscussed.Weshouldnotintroducenewideasinsuchaparagraph.,TheEnd,Thelastparagraphof“ToBeInformedandtoBeEnlightened”isagoodexample:

Itistrue,ofcourse,thatyoushouldbeabletorememberwhattheauthorsaidaswellasknowwhathemeant.Beinginformedisprerequisitetobeingenlightened.Thepoint,however,isnottostopatbeinginformed.Sometimesitisgoodtolinkthelastparagraphwiththefirst.Ifaquestionisaskedintheintroductoryparagraph,ananswershouldbegivenintheconcludingone.,TypesofWriting,Therearefourmaintypesofwriting:

narration,description,exposition,andargumentation.Asnarrativeandexpositorywritingsaremoreoftenusedinourdairylifethantheothertwo,weshouldfirstlearntowritetheretwokindofessay.,Narration,Anarrativeisanaccountofaneventoraseriesofevents.Narrativewritingincludesstories,biographies,histories,andnewsitems.“NeighborsAreDearerthanDistantRelatives”isanarrative.,FiveAspectsinaNarrative,Tosumup,whenplanninganarrative,weshouldconsiderfiveaspect:

purpose,selectionofdetails,context,organization,andpointofview.,Purpose,Wemusthaveapurposeintellingastory.Thepurposemaybetoteachalesson,togiveawarning,toillustrateaconcept,toproveatheory,topraiseavirtue,tocondemnavice,etc.Weshouldmakesurethatthetotaleffectofournarrative,orthefinalimpressionitleavesonthereader,agreeswithourpurpose.Toachievethis,wemustchoosedetailsanddesigntheplotofourstory,Selectionofdetails,Anarrativeismadeupofdetails.Whenwritinganarrative,weshouldprovideenoughdetailstoletthereaderknowwhathappensaswellasourpurposeintellingthestory.Onlyrelevantdetails,orthingsthathelptobringoutthemainideasofthenarrative,areusefulandeffective.Sowhenselectingdetails,weshouldbearinmindourpurposeinwritingthenarrative.,Context,Whenwewriteanarrative,weshouldfirstmakeclearwhen,where,andtowhomtheactioninournarrativehappened.Thebackgroundknowledgewillhelpthereaderunderstandthenarrative.,Organization,Eventsinanarrativeareusuallytoldintheorderinwhichtheyoccur.Butitisalsopossible,andsometimesbetter,tostartfromthemiddleoreventheendofthestorywiththeeventthatismostimportantormostlikelytoarousethereadersinterest,andthengobacktothebeginningbyusingflashbacks.Likeothertypesofwriting,anarrativehasabeginning,amiddle,andanend.Inthebeginning,wegivethesetting,thatis,backgroundknowledgeofthen,where,andtowhomtheactionhappened,asismentionedabove.Themiddle（thebody）tellsthestoryitself.Whenthestoryisclearlytold,thenarrativecomestoanaturalendasinSample2;thenthereisnoneedforaconcludingparagraph.Sometimeswemayaddoneortwoparagraphsaboutthesignificanceofthestoryoraboutthingsthathappenafterwards.,Pointofview,Wecantellastoryeitherinthefirstpersonasin“NeighborsAreDearerthanDistantRelatives”orinthethirdpersonasin“TheFunTheyHad.”Afirst-personnarrativemaybemorelifelike,becauseitisaboutwhatweourselveshaveseenorexperienced.Butafirst-personnarratorisfreefromthislimitation.More-over,athird-personnarrativemaybemoreobjective.Butitisnoteasytoputinorderthingsthathappentodifferentpeopleindifferentplaces.,Exposition,Expositionmeansexplaining.Anexpositorypaperexplainssomething,suchashowsomethingismade,whysomethinghashappened，inwhatwaystwopersonsorthingsaresimilarordifferentandsoon.Inanarrativepaperofahistoricalevent,wetellwhathappened,whenandwhereithappened,whenandwhereithappened,andwhotookpartinit.Inanexpositorypaper,wediscussitscauseandeffect,itsnature,anditssignificanceinhistory.Expositorypapersareperhapsthetypeofwritingthatismostfrequentlyusedbyastudent,ascientistoraprofessional.,Exposition,Thingcanbeexplainedinmanyways,forinstance,byprocess,illustration,classificationand/ordivision,comparisonand/orcontrast,orananalysisoftheircausesand/oreffects.Thatistosay,methodswhichwehavelearnedforparagraphdevelopmentarealsogoodforexpositoryessays.Inaparagraphwecanoftenmakeapointinoneortwosentence,butinanessaywemayneedoneortwoparagraphtomakeapointclear.,Illustration,Illustrationistheuseofexamplestoexplainapoint.,Comparisonandcontrast,Acomparisonexplainshowthingsaresimilar,andacontrastshowshowtheyaredifferent.Wemakecomparisonandcontrasteverydayforspecialpurposesinmind.Forinstance,whenweareshopping.wecompareandcontrasttheprice,quality,style,etc.oftwoproductseitherinthesamestoreorintwodifferentstoresinordertodecidewhichonetobuy.Similarly,whenwewriteacomparison/contrastessay,wealsohavesomepurpose（s）inmind.,CauseandEffect,Acause-effectessayexplainsthecauseand/oreffectofsomething.SampleIbelowdiscussesonlythecauses.,ClassificationandDivision,Weuseclassificationanddivisiontosortthingsout.Divisionisusedtoseparateonethingintoparts;forinstance,thepersonnelinafactorycanbedivideintoworkers,staffandadministrators.Classification,ontheotherhand,isusedtoorganizethingswhichhavesomethingincommon;itgroupsthesethingssystematically.Adivisionessaylaysemphasisonthedistinctionordifferencebetweenthings,andaclassificationessay,onthesimilarities.Thoughthetwomethodscanbeusedseparately,theyoftengotogether.Thefollowingisaclassificationessay,inwhichparentsofeachtypehavesomethingincommon.,