conceptualmeaning.docx

conceptualmeaning.docx

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conceptualmeaning

conceptual,meaning

篇一：

词汇学术语

词汇学必须熟练掌握的术语

LexicologymorphologysemanticsetymologylexicographywordSemanticfieldmorphemelexememorphallomorphaffix（prefixsuffix）Freemorpheme（boundmorpheme）reference（denotationtationsense）Conceptualmeaning（tativemeaningsocialmeaningaffectivemeaning

Reflectedmeaningcollocativemeaningthematicmeaning）root（stembase）polysemyhomonymyoldEnglish（middleEnglishModernEnglish）inflectionderivationCompounding（conversionblendingshorteningclippinginitialismbackformation）SynonymysynonymantonymyantonymhyponymyhyponymmeronymycollocationIdiommultiwordverbproverbentryheadwordbilingualdictionary（monolingualdictionarylearners’dictionary）dialect（register）stylecontexttaboo（euphemismslangjargon）meaningshift（broadeningnarrowing）mentallexicon（activevocabularypassivevocabulary）metaphorprototypeattribute

篇二：

《数据库原理（双语）》试卷

西南石油大学试卷第1页共10页

西南石油大学试卷第2页共10页

西南石油大学试卷第3页共10页

西南石油大学试卷第4页共10页

西南石油大学试卷第5页共10页

篇三：

历史老照片不能说的秘密慈禧军阀明末清初文革晚清

历史老照片不能皖系说的秘密慈禧军阀明末清初文革晚清

Chapter5WordMeaning

Themeaningsof“Meaning”Reference（所指）:

Itistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheword.Itisthearbitraryandconventional.Itisakindofabstraction,yetwiththehelpofcontext,itcanrefertosomethingspecific.

Concept（概念）:

Itisbeyondlanguageistheresultofhumancognition（认识）,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.

Sense（意义）:

Itdenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’

Motivation（理据）：

Itatsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.1）Onomatopoeicmotivation（拟声理据）2）Morphologicalmotivation（形态理据）3）Semanticmotivation（词义理据）4）Etymologicalmotivation（词源理据）

Typesofmeaning

GrammaticalMeaning（语法意义）:

indicatethegrammaticalconcept（becomeimportantonlyinactualcontext）LexicalMeaning（词汇意义）

Lexicalmeaningandgrammaticalmeaningmakeuptheword-meaning

Lexicalmeaninghas2components:

Conceptualmeaning（概念意义）andassociativemeaning（关联意义）Conceptualmeaning（概念意义）:

alsoknownasdenotativemeaning（外延意义）

Associativemeaning（关联意义）:

[tative隐含意义,Stylistic风格意义,Affective感情意义,Collocative搭配意义]

Chapter6--Senserelationandsemanticfield（语义关系和语义三场）Polysemy（多义关系）Twoapproachedtopolysemy:

diachronicapproach（历时方法）synchronicapproach（共时方法）Twoprocessedofdevelopment:

radiation（辐射型）andconcatenation（连锁型）Homonymy（同形/同音异义关系）

Itreferswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.Typesofhomonyms

1）Perfecthomonyms（完全同音同形异义词）2）Homophones（同音异义词）3）Homographs（同形异义词）Originsofhomonyms

1）changeinsoundandspelling2）borrowing3）Shortening（缩略）

Thedifferencesbetweenpolysemes（多义词）andhomonyms（同音同形异义词））.

1）Homonymyrefertodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandpolysemyaretheoneandsamewordwhichhassevraldistinguishablemeaning.

2）Homonymyarefromdifferentsources.Polysemyarefromthesamesource.3）Thevariousmeaningsofpolysemyarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaning.Meaningsofdifferenthomonymyhavenothingtodowithoneanother.

values:

Polysemicandhomonymouswordarestlyisticallyusefultoachievehumourorirony（反话，讽刺）,ortoheighten（提高）dramaticeffect.

Synonymy（同义关系）:

oneoftwoormorewordsintheEnglishlanguagewhichhavethesameorverynearlythesam

eessentialmeaning:

absolutesynonymsandrelativesynonymsSourcesofsynonyms（同义词）are:

1）Borrowing2）DialectsandregionalEnglish3）Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords4）Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions

Antonymy（反义关系）

Itisconcernedwithsemanticopposition.Antonymscanbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.1）contradictoryterms（矛盾反义词）:

theseantonymstrulyrepresentoppositenessofmeaning,suchantonymsarenon-gradable.Theycannotbeusedincomparativedegrees.（single/married）

2）contraryterms（对立反义词）:

antonymsofthistypearebestviewedintermsofascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.（old/young）3）relativeterms（关系反义词）：

（parent/child）sell/buySomeofthecharacteristicsofantonyms反义关系的特点

1）antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition

2）awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym3）antonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion4）contrarytermsaregradableantonymsTheusesofantonyms

Toexpresseicallytheoppositeofaparticularthoughtforthesakeofcontrast.（idiom:

nowandnever）Toformanithesis（对比法）toachieveemphasisbyputtingcontrastingideatogether.（proverbsandsayings:

easycome,easygo）

Hyponymy（上下义关系）

Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Forexample,acatishyponymofanimalSuperordinateandSubordinate（118）SemanticField（词义场）

Viewingthetotalmeaninginthiswayisthebasisoffieldtheory

e.g.（apple,pear,peach,date,mango,orange,lemon,etc.makeupthesemanticfieldof‘fruits’）Thesemanticfieldofthesameconceptmaynothavethesamemembersindifferentlanguage.e.g.（auntinEnglish,maymeans“父亲的姐姐，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子”inChinese.（122）Chapter6ChangesinWordMeaning词义的演变

Vocabularyisthemostunstableelementofalanguageasitisundergoingconstantchangesbothinformandcontent.Comparativelythecontentisevenmoreunstablethantheform.

TypesofChanges词义变化的种类（extension,narrowing,degradation,elevationandtransfer）Extensionorgeneralization词义的扩大:

isthenamegiventothewideningofmeaningwhichsomewordsundergo.[companion（old）onewhosharesbread（ex）acompany]

Narrowingorspecialization词义的缩小：

istheoppositeofwideningmeaning.Whenawordsisturnedintoapropernoun,themeaningisnarrowed.[meat（old）food（na）fleshofanimals]

Elevationorameliorationofmeaning词义的升华:

theprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumble

（粗陋的）beginningstopositionsofimportance.[knight（old）servant（el）rankbelowbaronet从男爵]

Degenerationorpejoration词义的贬降:

Aprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationorno-affectivewordscometousedinderogatorysense.[silly（old）happy（de）foolish]

Transfer词义的转移:

Wordswhichwereusedtodesignate指明onethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelsehaveexperiencedtheprocessofsemantictransfer.（140）

CausesofSemanticChange词义变化的原因Extra-linguisticfactors141

1Historicalreason2Classreason（elevationordegradation）3Psychologicalreason

Linguisticfactors：

thechangeofmeaningmaybecausedbyinternalfactorswithinthelanguagesystem.

Chapter8MeaningandContext意义和语境

Contextinitstraditionalsensereferstothelexicalitemsthatprecedeorfollowagivenword.Modernlinguistshavebroadeneditsscopetoincludebothlinguisticandextra-linguisticcontexts.Twotypesofcontext

Linguisticcontext：

Itreferstothewords,clauses,sentencesinwhichawordappears.Itmaycoveraparagraph,awholechapterandeventheentirebook.

1）Lexicalcontext：

Itreferstothewordthatoccurstogetherwiththewordinquestion.

2）Grammaticalcontext：

Itrefersthesituationwhenthemeaningofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.Extra-linguisticcontext：

Inabroadsense,itincludesthephysicalsituaionaswell.itembracesthepeople,time,place,andeventhewholeculturalbackground.

Theroleofcontext语境的作用Eliminationofambiguity消除歧义

1）Ambiguityduetopolysemyorhomonymy.

2）GrammaticalstructurecanalsoleadtoambiguityIndicationofreferents限定所指Provisionofcluesforinferringwordmeaning提供线索以猜想词义

Chapter9EnglishIdioms英语习语Idioms:

areexpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheirliteralmeaningofindividualelements.Inabroadsense,idiommayincludecolloquialisms（俗语）,Catchphrases（标语）,slangexpressions（俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc.TheyformanimportantpartoftheEnglishvocabulary.

CharacteristicsofIdioms

Semanticunity语意的整体性wordsintheidiomtheyhavelosttheirindividualidentity

Structuralstability结构的稳定性:

theconstituents要素ofidiomscannotbereplaced,invertedorchanged,deletedoraddedto,notevenanarticle.

Thefixityofidiomdependsontheidiomaticity.习语性表达习惯

ClassificationofIdioms

1idiomsnominalinnature名词性习语（whiteelephant累赘物）

2idiomsadjectivalinnature形容词性习语（aspoorasachurchmouse）3idiomsverbalinnature动词性习语（lookinto）

4idiomsadverbialinnature副词性习语（toothandnail拼命）5sentenceidioms句式习语（neverdothingsbyhalves）

Useofidioms:

习语的使用（stylisticfeatures,rhetoricfeaturesandtheiroccasionalvariations）Stylisticfeatures文体色彩〔colloquialisms（俗语）,slang俚语,literaryexpressions〕Thesameidiommayshowstylisticdifferenceswhenitisassigned（指派）differentmeaning

Rhetoricalfeatures修辞色彩（phoneticmanipulation语音处理，lexicalmanipulationandfiguresofspeech）phoneticmanipulation语音处理:

alliteration头韵、rhyme押韵

lexicalmanipulation：

reiteration（duplicationofsynonyms同义字重复）[screamandshout]repetition[outandout]、juxtaposition（ofantonyms）反义词并列[hereandthere]

figuresofspeech:

Simile（明喻）、Metaphor（隐喻）、Metonymy（换喻）、synecdoche（提喻）、Personification（拟人法）、Euphemism（委婉词）Variationsofidioms习语的变异形式：

addition,deletion,replacement,postion-shifting,dismembering（分解）179

Chapter10EnglishDictionaries英语字典

Dictionary:

presentsinalphabeticalorderthewordsofEnglish,withinformationastotheirspelling,priation,meaning,usage,rulesandgrammar,andinsome,theiretymology（语源）Typesofdictionaries:

Monolingual&bilingualdictionaries

Monolingualdictionary:

iswritteninonelanguage（LDCE,CCELD）.Theheadwordorentriesaredefined&illustratedinthesamelanguage.

B