视听说听力原文lesson113.docx

视听说听力原文lesson113.docx

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视听说听力原文lesson113

Lesson1Napoleon

Today,I’mgoingtotalktoyouaboutoneofthemostimportanthistoricalfiguresinEuropeanhistory:

NapoleonBonaparte.Let’sstartbytalkingabouthisearlylife.Napoleonwasbornin1769ontheislandofCorsica.Whenhewasonly10yearsold,hisfathersenthimtomilitaryschoolinFrance.Napoleonwasnotaverygoodstudentinmostofhisclasses,butheexcelledinmathematicsandmilitaryscience.Whenhewas16yearsold,hejoinedtheFrencharmy.Inthatyear1785,hebeganthemilitarycareerthatwouldbringhimfame,power,richesandfinallydefeat.NapoleonbecameageneralintheFrencharmyattheyoungageof24.NapoleonhadmanyvictoriesonthebattlefieldbuthealsobecameinvolvedinFrenchlawandpolitics.Andin1804,attheageof35,hebecamethefirstemperoroftheFrance.

Napoleonwasmanythings.Hewas,firstofall,abrilliantmilitaryleader.Hissoldierswerereadytodieforhim.Asaresult,N.wonmanymilitaryvictories.AtonetimehecontrolledmostofEurope,butsomecountries,includingEngland,Russia,andAustriafoughtfiercelyagainsthim.Hisdefeat—“hisend”camewhenhedecidedtoattackRussia.InthismilitarycampaignagainstRussia,helostmostofhisarmy.

ThegreatFrenchconquerordiedalone–desertedbyhisfamilyandfriendsin1821.Napoleonwasonly51yearsoldwhenhedied.

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Lesson2Pompeii

ThelectureforthisclassisaboutthecityofPompeii.Anaturaldisasteroccurredtherealmost2000yearsago.

TodaymanyrichpeoplewholiveinlargemetropolitanareassuchasBeijing,ParisandNewYorkleavethecityinthesummer.Theygotothemountainsortotheseashoretoescapethecitynoiseandheat.

2,000yearsago,wealthyRomansdidthesamething.TheyleftthecityofRomeinthesummer.ManyofthesewealthyRomansspenttheirsummersinthecityofPompeii,abeautifulcity,locatedontheBayofNaples.

Inthesummeroftheyear79C.E.,ayoungRomanboywholaterbecameaveryfamousRomanhistorianwasvisitinghisuncleinP..Theboy’snamewasPlinytheYounger.OnedayPlinywaslookingupatthesky.Hesawafrighteningsight.Itwasaverylargedarkcloud.Thisblackcloudrosehighintothesky.WhatPlinysawwastheeruptionofthevolcanocalledMountVesuvius.Rockandashflewthroughtheair.ThecityofP.wasatthefootofMt.V..Whenthevolcanofirsterupted,manypeoplewereabletogetoutofthecityandtoescapedeath.Infact,18,000peopleescapedtheterribledisaster.Unfortunately,therewasnotenoughtimeforeveryonetoescape.Morethan2,000peopledied.Theseunluckypeoplewereburiedaliveunderthevolcanicash.Theeruptionlastedforabout3days.Whentheeruptionwasover,P.wasburiedunder20feetofvolcanicrockandash.ThecityofP.wasforgottenforalmost1,700years.

Intheyearof1748anItalianfarmerwasdiggingonhisfarm.Ashewasdigging,heuncoveredapartofawalloftheancientcityofP..Soonarchaeologistsbegantodiginthearea.Astimewentby,muchoftheancientcityofP.wasuncovered.TodaytouristscomefromallovertheworldtoseetheruinsofthefamouscityofPompeii.

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Lesson4RollerCoaster

Let'stalkaboutthephysicsinvolvedinarideonarollercoaster.I'msuremanyofyouhavetakenarideonarollercoaster.Asimplerollercoasterconsistsofaframewithatrackonit.Thetrackisverymuchlikeatraintrack,thistrackgoesoveraseriesofhillsandaroundcurves.Itfollowsapaththatendsatthesameplaceitstarted.Atrainofcarstravelsaroundonthistrack,veryfast.Thecarshavetwosetsofwheels.Onesetofwheelsrollsontopofthetrack,andtheotherssetofwheelsrollsbelowthetrack.Thewheelsbelowthetrackkeepthefastmovingcarsfromcomingoffthetrack,rollercoastercarsasyouprobablyknowdon'thaveanymotorsorengines.Instead,achainpullsthecarsupthefirst,tallestandsteepystaffhill,thisishowtheridebegins.Then,atthetopofthehillthechaincomesoffthecarsandgravitytakesover.gravitypushesthecarsdowntheothersideofthehill.thetallerandsteeperthefirsthillis,thefastertheridewillbe.Andthefartherthecarswilltravel.asthecarsrolleddownhilltheygainedspeed.thecarshaveenoughspeedandenergytosendthemupthenexthill.asthecarsnearthetopofthesecondhilltheybegintoslowdown.butthen,thecarsreachedthetopofthathill,andstartdowntheotherside.gravityagainpushesthemtowardtheground.thisprocessrepeatsoneachhale.Okay,solet'sgooverthisprocessagain.first,thecarsarepulledbyachainupthefirsthighesthill.thentheygodownaverysteepslope,atthispoint,thereisenoughenergytopullthecarsupandoverthenexthill.whentheyreachedthebottomofthathill,thereisenoughenergytoclimbthenexthill,therollercoastercarsloseenergyastheridecontinues.so,thehillshavetobesmallertowardtheendofthetrack,finallywerolltoastopongroundlevelrightwherewebegan.

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Lesson5Language:

HowChildrenAcquireTheirs

WhatI’dlietotalktoyouabouttodayisthetopicofchildlanguagedevelopment.Iknowthatyouallaretryingtodevelopasecondlanguage,butforamoment,let’sthinkaboutarelatedtopic,andthatis:

Howchildrendeveloptheirfirstlanguage.

Whatdoweknowabouthowbabiesdeveloptheirlanguageandcommunicationability?

Well,weknowbabiesareabletocommunicateassoonastheyareborn,evenbeforetheylearntospeaktheirfirstlanguage.Atfirst,theycommunicatebycrying.Thiscryingletstheirparentsknowwhentheyarehungry,orunhappy,oruncomfortable.However,theysoonbegintheprocessofacquiringtheirlanguage.Thefirststateoflanguageacquisitionbeginsjustafewweeksafterbirth.Atthisstage,babiesstarttomakecooingnoiseswhentheyarehappy.Then,aroundfourmonthsofagetheybegintobabble.Babiesallovertheworldbegintobabblearoundthesameage,andtheyallbegintomakethesamekindsofbabblingnoises.Now,bythetimetheyaretenmonthsold,however,thebabblingofbabiesfromdifferentlanguagebackgroundssoundsdifferent.Forexample,thebabblingofababyinaChinese-speakinghomesoundsdifferentfromthebabblingofababyinanEnglish-speakinghome.Babiesbeginanewstageoflanguagedevelopmentwhentheybegintospeaktheirfirstwords.Atfirst,theyinventtheirownwordsforthings.Forexample,ababyinanEnglish-speakinghomemaysay―baba‖fortheword―bottle‖or―kiki‖for―cat.‖Inthenextfewmonths,babieswillacquirealotofwords.Thesewordsareusuallythenamesofthingsthatareinthebaby’senvironment,wordsforfoodortoys,forexample.Theywillbegintousethesewordstocommunicatewithothers.Forexample,ifababyholdsupanemptyjuicebottleandthensays―juice,‖tohisfather,thebabyseemstobesaying,―Iwantmorejuice,Daddy‖or―MayIhavemorejuice,Daddy?

‖Thisword―juice‖isreallyaone-wordsentence.

Now,thenextstageoflanguageacquisitionbeginsaroundtheageof18months,whenthebabiesbegintosaytwo-wordsentences.Theybegintouseakindofgrammartoputthesewordstogether.Thespeechtheyproduceiscalled―telegraphic‖speechbecausethebabiesomitallbutthemostessentialwords.AnEnglish-speakingchildmightsaysomethinglike―Daddy,up‖whichactuallycouldmean―Daddy,pickmeup,please.‖Then,betweentwoandthreeyearsofage,youngchildrenbegintolearnmoreandmoregrammar.Forexample,theybegintousethepasttenseofverbs.Thechildrenbegintosaythingssuchas―Iwalkedhome‖and―IkissedMommy.‖Theyalsobegintoovergeneralizethisnewgrammarruleandmakealogofgrammarmistakes.Forexample,childrenoftensaysuchthinsas―Igoedtobed‖insteadof―Iwenttobed,‖or―Ieatedicecream‖insteadof―Iateicecream.‖Inotherwords,thechildrenhavelearnedthepasttenseruleforregularverbssuchas―walk‖and―kiss,‖buttheyhaven’tlearnedthattheycannotusethisruleforallverbs.Someverbslike―eat‖areirregular,andthepasttenseformsforirregularverbsmustbelearnedindividually.Anyway,thesemistakesarenormal,andthechildrenwillsoonlearntousethepasttenseforregularandirregularverbscorrectly.Thechildrenthencontinuetolearnothergrammaticalstructuresinthesameway.

Ifwestoptothinkaboutit,actuallyit’squiteamazinghowquicklybabiesandchildrenallovertheworldlearntheirlanguageandhowsimilartheprocessisforbabiesallovertheworld.

Doyourememberanythingabouthowyoulearnedyourfirstlanguageduringtheearlyyearsofyourlife?

Thinkabouttheprocessforaminute.Whatwasyourfirstword?

Wasit―mama‖ormaybe―papa‖?

NowthinkalsoabouttheprocessoflearningEnglishasasecondlanguage.CanyourememberthefirstwordyoulearnedinEnglish?

Idoubtthatitwas―mama.‖Now,thinkaboutsomeofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinvolvedintheprocessesofchildandadultlanguagelearning.We’lltalkaboutsomesimilaritiesanddifferencesinthefirstandsecondlanguagelearningprocessestomorrow.Seeyouthen.

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Lesson7Robots

When people think about a robot, they often picture a machine that looks something like a human being. However, that’s not always the case. Most robots do not look much like a human being at all, they look like machines because that’s what most of them are- industrial machines. 

  Today, I’m going to talk mostly about industrial robots used in industry. The