武汉大学博士英语结课考试.docx
《武汉大学博士英语结课考试.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《武汉大学博士英语结课考试.docx（18页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。
武汉大学博士英语结课考试
一、段落分析
Concept-defining
（一）Content容〔fromparagraphlevel〕
1Topic话题〔特点general笼统〕
2Aspect（supportingsentence）
frommaterialtospiritualaspects从物质到精神
fromphysicaltopsychologicalaspects从身体到心理
fromidea/mentalitytobehavior从思想到行为
fromtechnologytosociety
fromindividualtosocialaspects从个体到社会
fromoneselftoothers从自身到他人
fromdirecttoindirectaspects从直接到间接
fromphysicalenvironmenttoeconomicandsocialstructure从地理环境到社会经济构造
3Perspective（pointofview）角度+Keywords
=thesis论点+evidence论据
=theme主题〔mainidea〕+aspects方面
4Form/Function形式〔passagelevel〕
Structure:
theorganizationofthewholearticle
Introduction（what）
Body（why）
Conclusion（how）
（二）Paragraphdevelopment
1Skill/Pattern；Fact/Detail
Statistics统计
Examples例证
Statements阐述
Quotation引言
2Method针对所选用的skill的方法
1）topicorder
2）causalorder=causeandeffect
3）spatialorder=spaceorder
4）chronologicalorder=timeorder
5）problemandsolution
6）meansandends
7）processandresult
8）classification
9）hierarchicalstructure分层次、等级的（fromleasttomost）
10）antithesis对偶、排比
11）progression递进（agradualprocessofchangeordevelopingoverperiodoftime）
12）comparison（相似）andcontrast（差异）比照
3Logicrelationship（frompassagelevel）（what,why,how）
1）Causeandeffect因果关系=why&how
2）Meansandends=processandpurpose=how手段和目的；过程和目的
3）Topic/ideaandreason（introduction）=what&why
4）Problemandsolution=what&how
5）Example=how
（三）DevelopingParagraph/Body（正文/主体）
1Unity（一致性）—topicsentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关
2Development（开展性）—supportingsentencesnomorethan5aspects论据是否充分
CommonMethodsofDevelopment
1）exemplification例证
2）facts事实
3）citation引证
4）comparisonandcontrast比拟与比照
5）analysis分析
6）classification分类
3Coherence（连贯性）:
主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和构造上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次清楚、衔接自然
1）transitions/signposts过渡词/路标词
2）fromthemostimportanttotheleastimportantorviceverse由重到轻，反之亦然
3）generalprinciplebyclassification:
总原那么〔分类〕
frommaterialtospiritualaspects从物质到精神
fromphysicaltopsychologicalaspects从身体到心理
fromindividualtosocialaspects从个体到社会
fromoneselftoothers从自身到他人
fromdirecttoindirectaspects从直接到间接
fromphysicalenvironmenttoeconomicandsocialstructure从地理环境到社会经济构造
第一课的第三段：
OursecondmajordiscoverywasthattheInformationMarketplacewilldramaticallyaffectpeopleandorganizationsonawidescale.Besidesitsmanyusesincommerce,officework,andmanufacturing,itwillalsoimprovehealthcare,providenewwaystoshop,enableprofessionalandsocialencountersacrosstheglobe,andgenerallypermeatethethousandsofthingswedointhecourseofourdailylives.Itwillhelpuspursueoldandnewpleasures,anditwillencouragenewartforms,whichmaybecriticizedbutwillmoveartforward,asnewtoolshavealwaysdone.Itwillalsoimproveeducationandtraining,firstinspecificandestablishedwaysandlaterthroughbreakthroughsthatareconfidentlyawaited.Humanorganizationsfromtinycompaniestoentirenationalgovernmentswillbenefittoo,becausesomuchoftheworktheydoisinformationwork.
Topic
Effect/Influence
Perspective
Humanandorganizations
Aspect
Human:
fromphysicaltopsychological
Organization:
fromindividualtosocial
Keywords
Skill（s）
Byexample
Method（s）
Byclassification
Question
（LogicRelationship）
WhatandHow
第一课的第十二段：
ThewiseeyewillalsoseethattheInformationMarketplaceismuchinfluentialthanitsparts—theinterfaces,middlewareandpipesthatmakeupthethree-storybuildingonwhichwestand.Oncetheyareintegrated,theypresentamuchgreaterpower—thepowertopreventanasthmaticfromdyinginaremotetowninAlaska,toenableanunemployedbankloanofficertofindandsucceedatanewformofwork,toallowahusbandandwifetorevelintheaccomplishmentsofadistantdaughterwhilealsoprovidingemotionalandfinancialsupport.Thesepowersarefargreaterthantheabilitytosendanmessage,ortohavefivehundredTVchannels.
Topic
Power
Perspective
PhysiologysafetyandBelongingness
Aspect
Frommaterialtospiritual
Keywords
Skill（s）
Byexample
Method（s）
Hierarchicalstructure
Question
（LogicRelationship）
WhatandHow
第八课的第一段：
Countlessculturesaroundtheworldhavedisappeared,alongwiththeirmythologies.InMesoamerica,dozensofornateMayantemplesliemute,asdoanuntoldnumberofIncanmonumentsinPeru,CelticcairnsinWales,KhmerstatuesinCambodia,andmagnificentziggurat-likestructuresincentralAfrica.
Topic
culture
Perspective
world
Aspect
Frommaterialaspects
Keywords
Culture,mythologies;Mayantemples,Incanmonuments,Celticcairns,Khmerstatues,Ziggurat-likestructures
Skill（s）
Byexample
Method（s）
Inspatialorder
Question
（LogicRelationship）
WhatandHow
第八课的第四段：
Itislikelythatchangesintheforestoccurredoverdecadesandwouldhavebeendifficulttodetectimmediately.Anislandermighteasilyhavemissedthelong-termtrend,thinking:
“Thisyearweclearedthosewoodsoverthere,buttreesarestartingtogrowbackagainoverhere.〞Furthermore,anyislanderwhoissuedawarningagainsttheoncomingdisasterwouldhavebeensilencedbytherulingclass.Chiefs,priests,andstonecarversalldependedonthestatusquotoretaintheirpositionsandprivileges.
Topic
civilization
Perspective
EasterIslanders
Aspect
Fromideatobehavior
Keywords
Change;Longtermtrend,warning,statusquo
Skill（s）
Byquotationandstatement
Method（s）
Byclassification
Question
（LogicRelationship）
WhatandWhy
第八课的第六段：
Humanitymaynotactintimetopreventthedecimationoftherainforests,fossilfuels,arableland,andfisheries.Inonly40years,Ethiopia’sforestcovershrankfrom30%to1%.Duringthesametimeperiod,therestoftheworldlosthalfofitsrainforests.Powerfuldecision-makinggroupsignorethosewhosoundanalarm;theirpolitical,economic,andreligiousagendasfailtoaddresstheproblemofdisappearingnaturalresources.
Topic
decimation
Perspective
humanity
Aspect
Fromideatobehaviororviceverse
/frommaterialtospiritualaspects
Keywords
Decimation;（oftherainforests,fossilfuels,arableland,andfisheries）
Skill（s）
Bystatisticsandstatement
Method（s）
Causeandeffect
Question
（LogicRelationship）
What-How-Why
第八课的第八段：
IfwearegoingtoavoidthefateoftheEasterIslanders,wemustchangethemythsthatareleadingustowardextinctionandfindinspiringvisionsofaplausibleandappealingfuture.Theoldmythshavecollapsed,butnonewoneshaveemergedtofillthevacuum.Fortransformationtooccur,humanbeingsmustactivelyshapethefuture,anenterprisethatgoestotheheartofmythmaking.IfweareeachacellinwhatPeterRussellcalls“TheGlobalBrain,〞thenthisisanindividualaswellacollectiveventure.
Topic
Myths
Perspective
Mythmaking
Aspect
Myths
Keywords
Myth-changing;oldmyths-collapsing,newmyths-emerging,future-shaping,mythmaking,venture,enterprise
Skill（s）
Bystatement
Method（s）
Problemandsolution
Question
（LogicRelationship）
What-Why-How
第八课的第十二段：
ButastheGrandNarrativeofProgresscametodominateothervaluesandviews,itcastamalignantshadow.Theinventionoftheautomobilewasthequintessenceofprogress,butitleftovercrowdedhighways,airpollution,anddeforestationinitswake.Fertilizersincreasedcropproductionbutalsoincreasedthegrowthofalgaeinlakesandcanals.Thediscoveryofpowerfulinsecticides——firstgreetedwithenthusiasmandaNobelPrize——wasfollowedbytheunintentionalpoisoningoffish,birds,andanimals.Nuclearpowerplantsincreasedavailableenergybutledtostorageproblems,life-threateningcontamination,andatleastoneaccidentwithworldwiderepercussions.Thewasteproductsoftechnologicallivingbegantochokegreatcitiesandfoulonce-pristinelands.AlthoughWesternhousing,clothing,andreligionwerebroughttoaboriginalpeople,andtherateofinfectiousdiseasewentdown,therateofalcoholism,drugaddiction,suicide,andspouseandchildabusewentup.
Topic
Shadow
Perspective
Scienceandsociety
Aspect
Fromtechnologytosociety
Keywords
Shadow;automobile,fertilizers,insecticides,nuclearpowerplants,wasteproducts,alcoholism,drugaddiction,suicide,spouseandchildabuse
Skill（s）
Byexample
Method（s）
Byclassification:
macro:
hierarchicalstructure（fromleasttomost）
micro:
antithesis（frompositivetonegative）
Question
（LogicRelationship）
WhatandHow
第八课的第二十五段：
Thethirdprincipleistoidentifyreal-lifesituationsinwhichantagonistscanfindcommonground.Witharecognitionofthelimitationsoflinguisticexchange,postmodernistsurgethatgroups“pressbeyonddialogue.〞Forexample,athletesandmusiciansfromallwalksoflifecangeneratesmoothandeffectiveteamsormusicalgroups.Businessexecutivesandscientistsfromconflictingbackgroundsareoftenabletoworktogethertogeneratemultinationalcorporationsandcooperativeresearchundertakings.
Topic
Principle
Perspective
Situations
Aspect
Pressbeyonddialogue（nonverbalcommunication）
Keywords
Reallifesituation,commonground;pressbeyonddialogue
Skill（s）
Byexample
Method（s）
Byantithesis:
homogeneity（同质）andheterogeneity（异质）
Question
（LogicRelationship）
WhatandHow
二、文章构造分析
第八课1-4段
Countlessculturesaroundtheworldhavedisappeared,alongwiththeirmythologies.InMesoamerica,dozensofornateMayantemplesliemute,asdoanuntoldnumberofIncanmonumentsinPeru,CelticcairnsinWales,KhmerstatuesinCambodia,andmagnificentziggurat-likestructuresincentralAfrica.
EasterIsland,celebratedforthegiantstatuesleftbyitsvanishedcivilization,isuniqueinarchaeologybecauseofitsisolationfromitsnei
升级会员 