语言学导论语言学教程修订版胡壮麟.docx

语言学导论语言学教程修订版胡壮麟.docx

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语言学导论语言学教程修订版胡壮麟

AnIntroductiontoLinguistics语言学导论

胡壮麟主编《语言学教程》（修订版）：

大学2001年

Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics

1.1Whystudylanguage?

●Languagesarethebestmirrorofthehumanmind.--Leibniz（莱布尼兹1646-1716）psychologymind/brainpedagogycognitivescience

●ThethreebasicquestionsthatconcernChomskyare:

（i）Whatconstitutesknowledgeoflanguage?

（ii）Howisknowledgeoflanguageacquired?

（iii）Howisknowledgeoflanguageputtouse?

1.2Whatislanguage?

●Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.–Sapir（萨丕尔1884-1939）

●Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

--Wardhaugh（沃道）

●Alanguageisaset（finiteorinfinite）ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.–Chomsky（乔姆斯基1928-）

●Alanguageisasystemformeanings.–Halliday（礼德1925-）

Weshalldefinelanguageas“meaningpotential”:

thatis,assetsofoptions,oralternatives,inmeaning,thatareavailabletothespeaker-hearer.--Halliday

1.3Designfeaturesoflanguage

●DesignfeaturesConceptintroducedbyC.F.Hockettinthe1960sofasetofkeypropertiesoflanguagenotsharedornotknowntobeshared,asaset,withsystemsofcommunicationinanyotherspecies.Theirnumberandnamesvaryfromoneaccounttoanother;butallinclude,asamongthemostimportant,thepropertiesofduality,arbitrariness,andproductivity.

1.3.1Arbitrariness任意性:

Thepropertyoflanguagebywhichthereisingeneralnonatural（i.e.logical）relationbetweentheformofasinglelexicalunitanditsmeaning.书booklivrerosemotivated理据sheepcowmoomooquackoinkbedroom

What’sinaname?

thatwhichwecallarose

Byanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.–Shakespeare（莎士比亚1564-1616）

名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约则谓之不宜。

--《荀子·正名》

1.3.2Duality二重性Languageconsistsoftwolevelsofstructures.Thelower（secondary）levelisadefinitesetofmeaninglesssounds,suchas[],[],[],[],[],[]whichcombinetoformmeaningfulunits（morphemes,words,suchashe,left）whichconstituteahigher（primary）level.a:

pkpa:

kparkka:

pcarp

1.3.3Creativity创造性Languageiscreativeinthesensethatitsuserscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.

1.3.4Displacement移位性Bydisplacementismeantthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingsthatarenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.

●Dai（1989）:

1.creativity,2.arbitrariness,3.duality,4.displacement,5.culturaltransmission

●Hu（1988）:

1.arbitrabiness2.duality3.productivity4.displacement5.culturaltransmission

6.interchangability

●Hu（2001）:

1.arbitrariness2.duality3.productivity4.displacement

Wang（1988）:

1.双层性2.能产性3.任意性4.互易性5.专用性6.不受环境限制7.传授性

1.4Originoflanguagespeculativeandcontroversial

1.5Functionsoflanguage

1.5.1Informative信息功能Languageservesaninformativefunctionwhenitisusedtoexpressthespeaker’sopinion,tostateafact,ortoreasonthingsout.（alternativelytermedideationalfunctioninHallidayanframework）

1.5.2Interpersonalfunction人际功能Languageservestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.

1.5.3Performative行事功能Languagecanbeusedtodothings,toperformaction.e.g.“Isurrender.”“I’lldoittonight.”“Ideclarethemeetingopen.”“Isentenceyoutothreeyearsinprison.”

1.5.4Emotivefunction感情功能Theuseoflanguagetorevealthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.e.g.“Ouch!

”,“I’mterriblysorryabout…”（alternativelycalledexpressivefunction）

1.5.5Phaticcommunion寒暄交谈Theuseoflanguagetoestablishormaintainacomfortablesocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent.E.g.greetings,farewells,andtalkingabouttheweather.

1.5.6Recreationalfunction娱乐功能Theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit.E.g.singing,poetrywriting.

1.5.7Metalingualfunction元语言功能Theuseoflanguagetomakestatementsaboutlanguageitself.Thelanguageaboutwhichtheyaremadeiscalledtheobjectlanguage.E.g.aChinesegrammarofEnglish;tosaythatbookispronounced//istomakeametalinguisticstatementaboutthatword.

LanguageA（obj）:

EnglishparkcarpLanguageB（tool）:

Chinese,EnglishQuirketal.1985pa:

kka:

p

Metaphysicsmetaphysicsmetachemistrymetascience科学学science

1.5.8Poetic（Functionoflanguage）definedbyJakobsonintermsoforientationtowards,orfocuson,“themessageforitsownsake”.Thus,inordinaryspeech,itisbyvirtueofthepoeticfunctionthate.g.incoordination,onewilltendtoputshorterphrasefirst:

Irememberespeciallythewineandtheviewfromtheterrace,ratherthan,althoughintermsofotherfunctionstheyareequivalent,…theviewfromtheterraceandthewine.

●Hu（1988）:

1.phatic2.directive3.informative4.interrogative5.expressive6.evocative

7.performative（BTW,Dai1989makesnomentionoflanguagefunctions.）

●Hu（2001:

10-16）:

1.informative2.interpersonal3.performative4.emotive5.phatic

6.recreational7.metalingual

●Hu（2001:

151-152）:

KarlBühler’stripartiteclassification:

1.representative2.expressive

3.appelative（vocative）RomanJakobson’ssix-functionclassification:

1.referential

2.emotive3.conative4.metalinguistic5.poetic6.phaticHalliday:

p.415sevenfunctionsinchildren’slanguage:

1.instrumental2.regulatory3.interactional4.personal5.heuristic6.imaginative7.informativethreemetafunctionsinadult’slanguage:

1.ideational

2.interpersonal3.textual

●Wang（1988:

11-13）:

语言是1.交际的工具2.认知世界的工具3.艺术创作的工具

●Chomsky（1979:

88）:

Languageservesessentiallyfortheexpressionofthought.

●Chomsky（1980:

230）:

Wemustrejecttheviewthatthepurposeoflanguageis

communication.（Cdisagreesthatthesolepurposeoflang.iscommunication.）

1.6Whatislinguistics?

Thescientificstudyoflanguage.

parameterwhatandwhyobservatoryadequacy,descriptiveadequacy,explanatoryadequacyMandarin

1.7Microlinguistics

1.7.1Phonetics语音学Thestudyofthenature,production,andperceptionofsoundsofspeech,inabstractionfromthephonologyofanyspecificlanguage.Variouslydividedintoacousticphonetics,articulatoryphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.（Thebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthephysicalcharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classification,andtranscription.Cf.transcript

1.7.2Phonology音系学Thestudyofthesoundsystemsofindividuallanguagesandofthenatureofsuchsystemsgenerally.（Phonologyidentifiesthesetofspeechsoundsforeachlanguage,howtheyarearrangedtoformmeaningfulunits,andthefunctionofeachsound.Phonologyrevealswhatthepossiblecombinationsofsoundsinalanguageareandexplainswhycertainwordstaketheformtheydo.）

1.7.3Morphology形态学Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning–morphemesandword-formationprocesses.

1.7.4Syntax句法学Thebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.

1.7.5Semantics语义学Thestudyofmeaning.SeenbyBréal,inthelate19thcentury,asanemergingscience（Frenchsémantique）opposedtophonetics（phonétique）asascienceofsounds.（Matthews,1997）

1.7.6Pragmatics语用学Thestudyofthemeaningsthatsentenceshaveinparticularcontexts.

1.8Macrolinguistics

1.8.1Psycholinguistics心理语言学Anystudyoflanguageinorfromtheviewpointofpsychology.Appliedsincethe1960stotwomainfields:

theempiricalstudyofthedevelopmentoflanguageinchildren（developmentalpsycholinguistics）;andtheinvestigationthroughexperimentsofthepsychologicalmechanismsfortheproductionandunderstandingofspeech（experimentalpsycholinguistics）.

1.8.2Sociolinguistics社会语言学Anystudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety,includingthesocialfunctionsoflanguageandthesocialcharacteristicsofitsusers.Forexample,Labovstudiesthecorrelationsbetweenlinguisticvariables（e.g.theprecisephoneticqualityofavowel,ortheabsenceofacertainelementinaconstruction）andnon-linguisticsvariablessuchasthesocialclassofspeakers,theirage,sex,etc.

1.8.3Anthropologicallinguistics人类语言学Itusesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.e.g.thestudyoflesser-knownlanguagesthroughfieldwork;emergenceoflanguage;ancestrallanguage

1.8.4Computationallinguistics计算语言学Theuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage（alsoknownas“naturallanguage”,todistinguishitfromcomputerlanguages）.E.g.machinetranslation,speechsynthesis

1.9Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

1.9.1Descriptivevs.prescriptive描写vs.规定Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalyzeslinguisticfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifitlaysdownrulesforgrammaticalcorrectness.It’sme.Whodidyouspeakto?

Ihaven’tdonenothing.呆板

1.9.2Synchronicvs.diachronic共时vs.历时Thestudyoflanguageasitsexistsataparticularpointintimeissynchronic.E.g.AGrammarofAncientChinese;Thestudyoflanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisdiachronic.E.g.FromOldEnglishtoStandardEnglish.Sarsfigureskatingsynchronizedswimming

1.9.3Languevs.parole语言vs.言语AdistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure（索绪尔1857-1913）.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualizedlanguage,orrealizationoflangue.Asasocialproduct,langueisasetofconventionthatmembersofaspeechcommunityabideby.Itcanbethoughtofasthegeneralizedrulesofthelanguage.Paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsorapplicationsoftherules.

i.Langueisabstract;paroleisspecific