大学英语语言学练习题考试必考题.docx

大学英语语言学练习题考试必考题.docx

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大学英语语言学练习题考试必考题

I.Directions:

Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly.

1.Clear［1］anddark[?

]areallophonesofthesameonephoneme/1/.Theynevertakethesamepositioninsoundcombinations,thustheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.（P24）

2.Morphologyisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.（P32）

3.Consonantsoundscanbeeither?

voicelessorvoiced,whileallvowelsoundsarevoiced.（P16）

4.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheCooperative?

principleproposedbyJ.Grice.（P86-87）

5.?

?

Languageexistsintimeandchangesthroughtime.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeiscalledasynchronicstudyoflanguage.（P4）

6.?

Anessentialdifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowelsiswhethertheaircomingupfromthelungsmeetswithanyobstructionwhenasoundisproduced.（P18）

7.?

XPmaycontainmorethanjustX.Forexample,theNP“theboywholikesthispuppy”consistsofDet,NandS,withDetbeingthespecifier,NtheheadandSthecomplement.（P46）

9.?

?

Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualized,thatofanutteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.（P70）

11.Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology.Itaimstoanswersuchquestionsashowthehumanmindworkswhenpeopleuselanguage.（P70）

12.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.（P70）

13.Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,thereisastructureofmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbecombinedintoalargenumberofmeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdesignfeatureiscalledduality.（P70）

14.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingiscontainedinthreeimportantareas:

thepharyngealcavity,theoralcavityandthenasalcavity.（P15）

16.Suprasegmentalfeaturessuchasstress,toneandintonationcaninfluencetheinterpretationofmeaning.（P70）

18.Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.（P70）

19.Thethreebranchesofphoneticsarelabeledasarticulatoryphonetics,auditoryphoneticsandacousticphoneticsrespectively.（P15）

21.?

Syntax_studiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.（P70）

22.?

Thenoun“tear”andtheverb“tear”arehomonymy.（P70）

23.Speechacttheoryisanimportanttheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage.（P70）

24.Themodernlinguisticsisdescriptive,notprescriptive,anditsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedata.（P70）

25.Languereferstothelanguagesystemsharedbyacommunityofspeakerwhileparolecontrastedwithlangueistheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationsbyanindividualspeaker.（P70）

26.Insemantictriangle,therelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect,anditismediatedbyconcept.（P70）

27.H.Sweetmadeadistinctionbetweennarrowandbroadtranscription.（P70）

28.Inthecooperativeprinciple,Griceintroducedfourcategoriesofmaxims.Theyaremaximofquality,maximofquantity,maximofrelationandmaximofmanner.（P70）

29.Pragmaticsisthestudyoflanguageinuse.（P70）

30.Historicallinguisticsstudieslanguagechangeorhistoricaldevelopmentoflanguage.（P70）

II.Directions：

Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.　

（T）1.Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenwordsandwhatthesewordsactuallyreferto.

（T）2.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,andyetthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.

（T）3.Twopeoplewhoarebornandbroughtupinthesametownandspeakthesameregionaldialectmayspeakdifferentlybecauseofanumberofsocialfactors.

（T）4.Inmodernlinguisticstudies,thespokenformoflanguageisgivenmoreemphasisthanthewrittenformforanumberofreasons.

（F）5.Thecompoundword“reading-room”istheplacewhereapersoncanreadbooks.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompoundisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.

（T）6.OnlywhenamaximunderCooperativePrincipleisblatantlyviolatedandthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolateddoconversationalimplicaturesarise.

（T）7.InEnglish,longvowelsarealsotensevowelsbecausewhenwepronouncealongvowelsuchas/i:

/,thelarynxisinastateoftension.

（T）8.Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethe“bestauthors”forlanguageusage.

（T）9.Theopen-classwordsincludeprepositions.

（T）10.Accordingtosemantictriangle,thereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreferent,i.e.betweenawordandathingitrefersto.

（T）11.Therelationshipof“flower”,“violet”,“rose”and“tulip”ishyponymy.

（F）12.Onlywordsofthesamepartsofspeechcanbecombinedtoformcompounds.（sunrise）

（T）13.Linguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzedintheirinvestigation.

（F）14.Theconclusionswereachaboutthephonologyofonelanguagecanbegeneralizedintothestudyofanotherlanguage.

（F）15.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinEnglishbecauseEnglish,unlikeChinese,isatypicaltonelanguage.

（F）16.Whenwethinkofaconcept,weactuallytrytoseetheimageofsomethinginourmind’seyeeverytimewecomeacrossalinguisticsymbol.

（F）17.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.Forexample,“Goodmorning！

”canberestoredto“Iwishyouagoodmorning.”

（T）18.Anychildwhoiscapableofacquiringsomeparticularhumanlanguageiscapableofacquiringanyhumanlanguagespontaneouslyandeffortlessly.

（F）19.AccordingtoN.Chomsky,?

”competence”istheactualrealizationofhisknowledgeinutterance.

（F）20.TheEnglishspellingexactlyrepresentsitspronunciation.

（F）21.Allthegrammaticallywell-formedsentencesaresemanticallywell-formed.

（T）22.Pragmaticsstudiestheaspectofmeaningthatisnotaccountedforbysemantics.

（F）?

23.Anillocutionaryactistheconsequenceoforthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.

（T）24.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

（T）25.Thewritingsystemofalanguageisalwaysalaterinventionusedtorecordspeech;thustherearestillmanylanguagesintoday’sworldthatcanonlybespoken,butnotwritten.

（F）26.InclassifyingtheEnglishconsonantsandvowels,thesamecriteriacanbeapplied.

（F）27.Parolereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

（T）28.Conversationalimplicatureisakindofimpliedmeaning,deducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwiththecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.

（F）29.Pragmaticfailuremayoccurincross-culturalcommunication,i.e.betweenspeakersofdifferentculturalbackgrounds,butnotoccurinintra-culturalcommunicationi.e.betweenspeakersofthesameculturalbackground.

（T）30.Senseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.

III.Directions:

Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustrationwhennecessary.

1.diachroniclinguistics

Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageoveraperiodoftime,alsoknownashistoricallinguistics,e.g.thestudyoftheChineselanguagesincetheendoftheQingdynastyuptothepresent.

2.synchroniclinguistics

Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageatoneparticularpointoftime,e.g.thestudyofthekindofEnglishusedduringShakespeare’stime.

3.Language

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

4.context

Contextisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.

5.blending

Aprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.E.g.smog---smoke+fog.

6.reference

Referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.

7.broadtranscription

Broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithlettersymbolsonly.Itisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks.

8.aminimalpair

Apairofsoundcombinationswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesamepositioninthestrings,e.g./pit/and/bit/.

9.homonymy

Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.eg.night/knight;leadv./leadn.;fastadj./fastv.

10.hyponymy

Itreferstomeaninginclusiveness,?

thatis,thesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.e.g.Therelationshipof“flower”,“violet”,“rose”and“tulip”ishyponymy.

11.culturaltransmission（asadefiningfeatureofhumanlanguage）

Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humansarebornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage,butdifferentfromanimals,theactualuseofhumanlanguageisnotgeneticallytransmitted,ratheritisculturallytransmitted,i.e.ithastobetaughtandlearnt.

12.allophones

Allophonesarethedifferentphonesthatrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.

13.morphology

Morphologyisabranch