大学生论文旅游发展外文文献.docx

大学生论文旅游发展外文文献.docx

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大学生论文旅游发展外文文献

江苏科技大学南徐学院本科毕业论文（外文翻译原文）

MeasuringtheImpactofTourismuponUrbanEconomies:

AReviewofLiterature

KTHC–Knowledge,Technology,HumanCapital

UgoGasparino,ElenaBellini,BarbaraDelCorpoandWilliamMalizia

Abstract

Tourismisincreasinglyseenasapotentiallevertowardshigheconomicgrowth,measuredbothintermsofincomeandemployment.Inrecentyears,interestintourismhasspreadrapidlythroughoutmanysmallandmediumEuropeancities,whichpreviouslyhavenotconsideredthemselvesastouristdestinations.Thispaperreviewsandsummarizestheexistingliteratureontheeconomicassessmentoftourismwiththeobjectivesof,firstly,identifyingthemaincategoriesofimpactsand,secondly,constructinganinventoryof

methodologiesavailabletoassessthem.Wewillprogressstepbystep,startingfromthemostsimplisticapproachesandrelaxingassumptionsasweproceed.Firstly,weassumeastaticsetting,withsparecapacity.Insuchasetting（partialequilibrium）,pricesdonotrespondtodemandshocks:

onlyquantities（production,incomeandjobs）adjust.Secondly,werelaxthisassumptionandassumethatthereisnosparecapacity:

pricesrespondtoincreasingdemand（generalequilibrium）,leadingtoreallocationofresourcesacrosssectors.Wethenmovefromastatictoadynamicsettingandsurveythosecontributionsthatlookattherelationshipbetweentourismspecialisationandlong-rungrowth.

Keywords:

Tourism,EconomicImpacts,Input-OutputAnalysis,GeneralandPartialEquilibriumAnalysis

1Thepartialequilibriumanalysis

Partialequilibriumanalysisassumesthatthereissparecapacityunemployedresourcesandthat,asaconsequence,pricesdonotrespondtoincreasingdemand（perfectelasticsupply）.Adjustmenttakesplaceonlythroughquantities（production,jobs,andthereforeincome）.

Thebasicconceptofpartialequilibriumanalysisisthatof‘multiplieralthough,’asnoticedbyArcher,?

thereisperhapsmoremisunderstandingaboutmultiplieranalysisthanalmostanyotheraspectoftourismresearch?

（Archer,1982）.Multipliersmeasurethepresenteconomicperformanceofthetourismindustryandtheeffectsofshort-runeconomicadjustmentstoachangeintheleveloftouristexpenditure.

Thedefinitionofmultiplier,intermsofKeynes,isunequivocal:

themultipliermeasurestheincreaseineconomicactivitygeneratedinaneconomybyaunitincreaseintourismexpenditure.Atourismincomemultiplierisacoefficientthatexpressestheamountofincome

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江苏科技大学南徐学院本科毕业论文（外文翻译原文）

generatedinanareabyanadditionalunitoftouristspending:

forinstance,iftouristsspendanextraEUR1millionintheareaandthisgeneratesEUR800,000ofincome,theKeynesianmultiplieris0.81.However,alternativedefinitionsofmultiplierscanbefoundintourism

literature.Themostpopularoftheseistheuseof‘ratio’multiplier,whereforexamplethe

incomemultipliertendstobeexpressedastheratioofa‘total’incomegenerate

expenditure（seeSection1.1）tothe‘direct’income.Dependingonwhatismeantby

income,threetypesof‘ratio’multiplierscanbegenerated.

Despitethestrongassumptionsimplicitintheircalculation,multipliersarewidelyusedin

policy-making.Theyareusedtostudytheimpactoftourismonbusinessturnover,incomeandemploymentandcanbeusedtocomparetheimpactofincreaseddemandonothersectorsoftheeconomyordifferentpolicyoptions.

Inwhatfollows,wefirstlyintroducetheeconomicmeaningofmultipliers,analysinghowthetouristexpenditureripplesthroughtheeconomy.Secondly,wepresenttwowidelyusedmethodologiestocalculatemultipliers.Finally,webrieflydiscussandcomparesomeoftheempiricalresults.

2Theeconomicmeaningofmultipliers

Inthedestinationtouristsspendtheirmoneytobuycertaingoodsandservices.Thisinitialtouristexpenditureisgenerallydirectedtoveryspecificsectorsoftheeconomy（lodging,restaurant,amusement,retailtrade,transportation–whichwewillrefertoas

Althoughthecorrectmethodologywouldrequirethecalculationofthemultiplieratthemargin,itiscommonpractice（mainlybecauseofdatalimitation）tocalculateincomeeffectsintermsofaverage,ratherthanmarginal,tourismexpenditureandtoassumethatthereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenthem.Thisimpliesthattheeconomyhasavailablecapacitytomeetfuturedemand

Tourismindustriesandrepresentsadditionalrevenuesfortheseactivities.Thesearetheso-calleddirecteffects.

Partofthoserevenuesisusedtobuyintermediategoodsandservicesthatwillbeusedin

‘futureproductioncycles’（intermediatedemand）.Aremainingpartwillbeusedtobuytheservicesofproductionfactors:

labour,capitalandland（wages,interestsandprofits,andrents

–grossvalueadded）,topaytaxestocentralandlocalgovernments,orsaved.Inallcases,somemoneycouldgooutsidethearea,tointermediateproducersandproductionfactors

locatedoutsidethearea（i.e.,it‘leaks’outofthelocaleconomy）.However,somewillremainwithinthearea:

localtourismindustrieswillhirenewlocal

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江苏科技大学南徐学院本科毕业论文（外文翻译原文）

workers（payingabiggernumberofwages）anddemandadditionalgoodsfromlocalproducers.Asaresult,localoutputincreases,employmentopportunitiesincreaseandlocalincomerises（duetotheincreaseinthenumberofwages）.Thesearetheso-calledindirecteffects.

Theincreaseinemploymentbringstoanincreaseinthetotalincomeoflocalresidents.Partofthisincomeissavedandpartisspentinconsumptiongoods.Thisinturngeneratesadditionaldemandwhich,asbefore,translatesintoadditionalproductionandemployment（andsoon）.Thesearetheso-calledinducedeffects.Indirectandinducedeffectsareoftencalledsecondaryeffects.Theeffectoftourismonthelocaleconomyisinfluencedbyafewkeyfactors:

Thecharacteristicsandthespendingpatternsofthelocaltourists,affectingthedirectimpactontheeconomy.Essentialfeatureshereinclude:

Thereasonfortravel（touriststravellingforculturalreasonsspendmore/lessandputmore/lesspressureonnaturalandculturalresourcesthansun&beachtourists）;

Thelengthofstay（touristsstayingforthedayarelikelytospendasmallershareoftotalexpenditureinlocallyproducedgoods）;Theaccommodationchosen（hotelsaremoreexpensivethancampsites）.

Thecharacteristicsofthetourismindustriesandofthelocaleconomy.Keyfeatureshereincludetheabilityoflocaleconomytosatisfythedemandoftourismindustries,aswellasthesizeandthesharesoftourismindustriesthatarelocallyowned.Theextentoftheindirecteffectsdependsonthesizeoftheareaunderstudy（e.g.,municipal,regional,national）andontheextenttowhichbusinessfirmsintheareasupplyeachotherwithgoodsandservices（themorelikelythemorediversifiedandinterlinkedisthelocaleconomy）.Ingeneral,thesmallerthescaleoftheeconomyandthehighertheshareofinitialexpenditurethatleaksoutofthelocalarea,thefeweraretheselinkagesandthesmalleraretheindirecteffects.Moreover,themagnitudeofindirectandinducedeffectsdependsontheshareofcapital,landandlabourthatislocallyowned.Forinstance,smallfamily-ownedhotelsandrestaurantsaremorelikelytobuylocalintermediateinputsthanchainhotelsandtouristvillages.Iffactorsarelocallyowned,theirremunerations–profits,rentandwages–willstaylocallyandlocalcommunitywillstronglybenefitfromthem.

3.Direct,indirectandinducedbenefitsandeffectsontheeconomy

triggeredbytourist

SpendingSeveraltypesofmultiplierarecommonlyused:

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江苏科技大学南徐学院本科毕业论文（外文翻译原文）

Sales（ortransactions）multiplierreferstotheeffectonbusinessturnover（valueofbusinessturnovercreatedbyaunitaryincreaseintourismexpenditure）;Outputmultiplierreferstotheeffectonthelevelofoutputoftheeconomy.Withrespecttothesalesmultiplieritdoesnotonlytakeintoaccounttheimpactonturnoveroflocalbusinesses,butalsoanychangesinthelevelofstockstheyhold.Thiscanbeusefulinidentifyingpotentialsupplyshortfalls,orbottlenecks;Governmentrevenuemultiplierreferstotheeffectsongovernmentalrevenues

fromallsources（e.g.,directandindirecttaxation,duties,licensesandfees）;Income

multiplierreferstotheeffectonincomes（salesnetofintermediateconsumption,includingwages,salariesandprofit）.Thisiscommonlyregardedasthemostimportantindicatoroftheeconomicperformanceoftourismindustry.Incomemultipliersvarydependingonwhethertheyincludeornotincomesaccruingtononnationalsresidingintheregionunder

investigation,andwhethertheyincludeornotincomeaccruingtogovernments.Themultipliercanbemeasuredasdisposableincome–theincomeavailabletoindividualstospendorsave,whichisnetoftax–orvalueaddedincome–theincomewhichincludestaxandotherexpenditureswhicharedefinedaccordingtonationalincomeaccountingrules;Employmentmultiplierreferstotheeffectonemployment.Itisusuallyderivedfromthe

outputorincomemultipliers.Itcanbeexpressedastheratioofthenumberof‘total’additionaljobs（e.g.,directandindirectordirectandsecondary）toeitherthenumberofdirect

jobs（‘ratiomultiplier）’ortotheinitialtouristexpenditure（Keynesianmultiplier）.

Employmentcanbemeasuredintermsoffulltimeequivalentjobs,ortheactualnumberofjobsincludingpart-timejobs.

SupposeadditionaltouristexpenditureofEUR1milliongeneratingEUR2.5millionofextraoutputandEUR500000ofdirectandsecondaryincome.Italsocreates200jobsdirectlyand

180secondarily.InKeynesiantermsthe