马岛之战英文.docx

马岛之战英文.docx

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马岛之战英文

TheFalklandsWar（Spanish:

GuerradelasMalvinasorGuerradelAtlánticoSur）,alsoknownastheFalklandsConflictorFalklandsCrisis,wasa1982warbetweenArgentinaandtheUnitedKingdom.Theconflictresultedfromthelong-standingdisputeoverthesovereigntyoftheFalklandIslandsandSouthGeorgiaandtheSouthSandwichIslands,whichlieintheSouthAtlantic,eastofArgentina.

TheFalklandsWarbeganonFriday2April1982,whenArgentineforcesinvadedandoccupiedtheFalklandIslandsandSouthGeorgia.TheBritishgovernmentdispatchedanavaltaskforcetoengagetheArgentineNavyandAirForce,andretaketheislandsbyamphibiousassault.Theresultingconflictlasted74daysandendedwiththeArgentinesurrenderon14June1982,whichreturnedtheislandstoBritishcontrol.Duringtheconflict,649Argentinemilitarypersonnel,255Britishmilitarypersonneland3FalklandIslandersdied.

Theconflictwastheresultofaprotractedhistoricalconfrontationregardingthesovereigntyoftheislands.ArgentinahasassertedthattheFalklandIslandshavebeenArgentinianterritorysincethe19thcenturyand,asof2013,hasnotrelinquishedtheclaim.[5][6][7]TheclaimwasaddedtotheArgentineconstitutionafteritsreformationin1994.[8]Assuch,theArgentinegovernmentcharacterisedtheirinitialinvasionasthere-occupationoftheirownterritory,whilsttheBritishgovernmentsawitasaninvasionofaBritishdependentterritory.However,neitherstateofficiallydeclaredwarandhostilitieswerealmostexclusivelylimitedtotheterritoriesunderdisputeandthelocalareaoftheSouthAtlantic.

Theconflicthadastrongimpactinbothcountries.PatrioticsentimentranhighinArgentina,buttheoutcomepromptedlargeprotestsagainsttherulingmilitarygovernment,whichhasteneditsdownfall.IntheUnitedKingdom,PrimeMinisterMargaretThatcher'sgovernmentwasbolsteredbythesuccessfuloutcome.Thewarhasplayedanimportantroleinthecultureofbothcountries,andhasbeenthesubjectofseveralbooks,scholarlyarticles,films,andsongs.Overtime,theculturalandpoliticalweightoftheconflicthashadlesseffectontheBritishpublicthanonthatofArgentina,wherethewarisstillatopicofdiscussion.[9]

RelationsbetweentheUnitedKingdomandArgentinawererestoredin1989followingameetinginMadrid,atwhichthetwogovernmentsissuedajointstatement[10]whichexplicitlydidnotchangeeitherside'spositiononsovereignty.

Lead-uptotheconflict

Mainarticle:

EventsleadingtotheFalklandsWar

Intheperiodleadinguptothewar,andespeciallyfollowingthetransferofpowerbetweenmilitarydictatorsGeneralJorgeRafaelVidelaandGeneralRobertoEduardoViolainlate-March1981,Argentinahadbeeninthemidstofadevastatingeconomiccrisisandlarge-scalecivilunrestagainstthemilitaryjuntathathadbeengoverningthecountrysince1976.[11]InDecember1981therewasafurtherchangeintheArgentinemilitaryregimebringingtoofficeanewjuntaheadedbyGeneralLeopoldoGaltieri（actingpresident）,BrigadierBasilioLamiDozoandAdmiralJorgeAnaya.Anayawasthemainarchitectandsupporterofamilitarysolutionforthelong-standingclaimovertheislands,[12]calculatingthattheUnitedKingdomwouldneverrespondmilitarily.[13]

AdmiralJorgeAnayawasthedrivingforceintheJunta'sdecisiontoinvade.[14][15][16]

IndoingsotheGaltierigovernmenthopedtomobiliseArgentines'long-standingpatrioticfeelingstowardstheislandsandthusdivertpublicattentionfromthecountry'schroniceconomicproblemsandtheregime'songoinghumanrightsviolations.[17]Suchactionwouldalsobolsteritsdwindlinglegitimacy.ThenewspaperLaPrensaspeculatedinastep-by-stepplanbeginningwithcuttingoffsuppliestotheIslands,endingindirectactionslatein1982,iftheUNtalkswerefruitless.[18]

Theongoingtensionbetweenthetwocountriesovertheislandsincreasedon19MarchwhenagroupofArgentinescrapmetalmerchants（actuallyinfiltratedbyArgentinemarines）raisedtheArgentineflagatSouthGeorgia,anactthatwouldlaterbeseenasthefirstoffensiveactioninthewar.TheRoyalNavyicepatrolvesselHMSEndurancewasdispatchedfromStanleytoSouthGeorgiainresponse,subsequentlyleadingtotheinvasionofSouthGeorgiabyArgentineforceson3April.TheArgentinemilitaryjunta,suspectingthattheUKwouldreinforceitsSouthAtlanticForces,[19]orderedtheinvasionoftheFalklandIslandstobebroughtforwardto2April.

BritainwasinitiallytakenbysurprisebytheArgentineattackontheSouthAtlanticislands,despiterepeatedwarningsbyRoyalNavycaptainNicholasBarkerandothers.BarkerbelievedthatDefenceSecretaryJohnNott's1981review（inwhichNottdescribedplanstowithdrawtheHMSEndurance,Britain'sonlynavalpresenceintheSouthAtlantic）sentasignaltotheArgentinesthatBritainwasunwilling,andwouldsoonbeunable,todefenditsterritoriesandsubjectsintheFalklands.

Argentineinvasion

Mainarticles:

1982invasionoftheFalklandIslands,InvasionofSouthGeorgia,ArgentineairforcesintheFalklandsWar,ArgentinenavalforcesintheFalklandsWar,andArgentinegroundforcesintheFalklandsWar

On2April1982,ArgentineforcesmountedamphibiouslandingsoftheFalklandIslands,followingthecivilianoccupationofSouthGeorgiaon19March,beforetheFalklandsWarbegan.TheinvasionmetanominaldefenceorganisedbytheFalklandIslands'GovernorSirRexHunt,givingcommandtoMajorMikeNormanoftheRoyalMarines.EventsincludedthelandingofLieutenantCommanderGuillermoSanchez-Sabarots'AmphibiousCommandosGroup,theattackonMoodyBrookbarracks,theengagementbetweenthetroopsofHugoSantillanandBillTrollopeatStanley,andthefinalengagementandsurrenderatGovernmentHouse.

InitialBritishresponse

Furtherinformation:

BritishnavalforcesintheFalklandsWar,BritishgroundforcesintheFalklandsWar,andBritishairservicesintheFalklandsWar

ThecoverofNewsweekmagazine,19April1982,depictsHMSHermes,flagshipoftheBritishTaskForce.

WordoftheinvasionfirstreachedBritainfromArgentinesources.[22]AMinistryofDefenceoperativeinLondonhadashort,butvaguetelexconversationwithGovernorHunt'stelexoperator,whoconfirmedthatArgentineswereontheislandandincontrol.[22][23]Laterthatday,BBCjournalistLaurieMargoliswasabletospeakwithanislanderatGooseGreenviaamateurradio,whoconfirmedthepresenceofalargeArgentinefleetandthatArgentineforceshadtakencontroloftheisland.[22]OperationCorporatewasthecodenamegiventotheBritishmilitaryoperationsintheFalklandsWar.ThecommanderoftaskforceoperationswasAdmiralSirJohnFieldhouse.Operationslastedfrom1April1982to20June1982.[24]

The2April1982Argentineinvasion,OperationRosario,tooktheBritishbysurprise.TheBritishundertookaseriesofmilitaryoperationsasameansofrecapturingtheFalkandsfromArgentineoccupation.TheBritishgovernmenthadtakenactionpriortothe2Aprilinvasion.InresponsetoeventsonSouthGeorgiathesubmarinesHMSSplendidandHMSSpartanwereorderedtosailsouthon29March,whilstthestoresshipRoyalFleetAuxiliary（RFA）FortAustinwasdispatchedfromtheWesternMediterraneantosupportHMSEndurance.[25]LordCarringtonhadwishedtosendathirdsubmarinebutthedecisionwasdeferredduetoconcernsabouttheimpactonoperationalcommitments.[25]Co-incidentallyon26March,thesubmarineHMSSuperbleftGibraltaranditwasassumedinthepressitwasheadingsouth.TherehassincebeenspeculationthattheeffectofthosereportswastopanictheArgentinejuntaintoinvadingtheFalklandsbeforenuclearsubmarinescouldbedeployed.[25]

Thefollowingday,duringacrisismeetingheadedbythePrimeMinisterMargaretThatcher,theChiefoftheNavalStaffAdmiralSirHenryLeach,advisedthemthat"Britaincouldandshouldsendataskforceiftheislandsareinvaded".On1AprilLeachsentorderstoaRoyalNavyforcecarryingoutexercisesintheMediterraneantobepreparedtosailsouth.Followingtheinvasionon2April,afteranemergencymeetingofthecabinet,approvalwasgivenfortheformationofataskforcetoretaketheislands.ThiswasbackedinanemergencysessionoftheHouseofCommonsthenextday.[26]

On6April,theBritishGovernmentsetupaWarCabinettoprovideday-to-daypoliticaloversightofthecampaign.[3]ThiswasthecriticalinstrumentofcrisismanagementfortheBritishwithitsremitbeingto"keepunderreviewpoliticalandmilitarydevelopmentsrelatingtotheSouthAtlantic,andtoreportasnecessarytotheDefenceandOverseasPolicyCommittee."Untilitwasdissolvedon12August,theWarCabinetmetatleastdaily.AlthoughMargaretThatcherisdescribedasdominatingtheWarCabinet,LawrenceFreedmannotesintheOfficialHistoryoftheFalklandsCampaignthatshedidnotignoreoppositionorfailtoconsultothers.However,onceadecisionwasreachedshe"didnotlookback".[3]

Positionofthirdpartycountries

Ontheeveningofthe3April,Britain'sUnitedNationsambassadorSirAnthonyParsonsputadraftresolutiontotheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil.Theresolution,whichcondemnedthehostilitiesanddemandedimmediateArgentinewithdrawalfromtheIslands,wasadoptedbythecouncilthefollowingdayasUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilResolution502,whichpassedwithtenvotesinsupport,oneagainst（Panama）andfourabstentions（China,theSovietUnion,PolandandSpain）.[26][27][28]TheUKreceivedfurtherpoliticalsupportfromtheCommonwealthofNationsandtheEuropeanEco